| A.A. |
Short for author's alterations or author's addition. |
|
| Abekas |
Digital disk device made by Abekas Corp. that can record, edit and playback animation imagery or full motion video frames in real time. |
|
| Abel & Associates |
Commercial Hollywood production company (disbanded in 1986) whose forte was effects techniques for television and films. Pioneers in slit scan photography and computer graphic animation and rendering software. |
|
| abort |
To terminate a task the computer is performing. Usually refers to non elected methods, e.g. rebooting in the middle of an operation, which result in a loss of data. |
Also see cold start, reboot, warm start. |
| abozzo |
In painting, the sketch or initial rough drawing over which the final painting is done. |
|
| abstract art |
An art form in which little or no realistic representation is present. |
|
| abstract expressionism |
a style of art in the 1940's and 1950's in which no attempt to represent reality was made. The style was usually characterized by non-geometric, emotionally intense and forceful use of color, brush strokes, and shape. |
|
| academy |
An educated group of authority figures in the fine art world. |
|
| access |
To find information stored in the computer's memory. (1) To select a keyboard command or menu bar to perform a task. (2) To search directories for a file (3) To establish keywords for a database search. See password. |
|
| access time |
The time frame between a request of computer information from storage or memory and delivery to a viewing or monitoring device. |
|
| accelerator (also accelerator board, coprocessor board, math accelerator, math coprocessor) |
A computer component, usually optional, dedicated to the enhancement of computer throughput to speed up calculation or graphics processing. This is done by off-loading computationally intensive tasks from the main processor (CPU), offering more registers, local cache memory and utilizing specially designed chips to perform math or graphics tasks at very high throughput speeds. Some coprocessors take over the computer, with an additional CPU of greater performance and memory handling capability - an alternative to the purchase of a new computer. For example, an 80286 board in an IBM XT (8086) or an 80386/SX in an IBM AT (80286) machine, or an 80486/SX in an IBM 80386 machine. Math coprocessors are companion chips which attach next to the CPU on the motherboard (8087 with an 8086 CPU, 80287 with an 80286 CPU). The CPU passes math computation to the extra chips and retrieves the result. See board, CPU, Drystone, Linpacs, MIPS, MFLOPS, and throughput. |
|
| accordion fold |
A folding method used for brochures with at least 2 parallel pleated folds. |
Also see fanfold. |
| account executive |
the representative of a creative agency that acts as a liaison or business negotiator between creative personnel and client. Slang term is a suit. |
|
| acoustic coupler |
Computer communications device which makes a relatively sound-proof connection (usually with rubber cups) between a standard telephone handset and a modem to convert computer code to audio signals for data transmission over normal voice phone lines. Usually included as part of most current modems. |
|
| acetate |
A sheet of film, usually clear, available in varying weights used as a drawing surface which can be placed over another level of drawing surface. Specially treated acetate is available for inking use. 1) In graphic production mechanicals it is used as a substrate to paste-up multiple layers of graphic elements usually to separate colors for printing. 2) In traditional animation acetate may be referred to as a cel, when it is inked and painted as an individual picture frame in a series of related imagery. |
Also see acetate overlay, cel, prepared acetate. |
| acetate overlay |
A layer of acetate with additional registered artwork mounted over mechanical art |
Also see registration. |
| achromatic |
Without color as in black and white and grey tones. |
|
| achromatic color |
A grayscale color. |
Also see grayscale. |
| acid free |
Describes artistic or mounting paper with a ph level between 6.5 and 8.5, with 7 being the most balanced. |
|
| ACM |
Short for Association for Computing Machinery. An international organization dedicated to the education and enhancement of the computer industry. |
|
| acrolith |
A sculpture made from more than one medium. |
|
| acrylic |
Refers to synthetic water based paints or inks that dry quickly. Acrylics are waterproof and fade resistant when dry. |
|
| action line |
In cartooning, lines which represent motion or speed. |
|
| action painting |
A spontaneous form of abstract expressionism characterized by splashed and dripped paint. |
|
| actual size |
1) In most desktop publishing programs, a setting that tells the system to display material at the same size it will be printed (rather than sized smaller so more material can be viewed on screen). 2) With photo/mechanical paste-up artwork, material prepared at the same size or scale as the finished print material - also known as 1:1 or 100%. |
Also see scale, view. |
| A/D or a/d |
Short for analog/digital. Refers to a device, or the process, to convert analog information to digital information. Analog is the way we perceive the world around us - as a continuous stream of sight and sound. Digital information is a series of binary sets, represented by an on/off or 0/1 condition. An A/D converter samples analog data and assigns a value to each sample - which is then passed on as digital data. D/A is the reverse process. |
Also see analog and digital. |
| a.d. |
Short for art director or assistant director. |
|
| ADC |
Short for analog to digital conversion. |
|
| additive primaries |
Refers to light and colors: the three colors of light which form white when added together, red, green and blue. Mixed in the proper proportions, they can form all other visible colors. Various record/display systems can form a large or small subset of all colors - no system can produce all possible colors. Used in optical imaging systems, e.g. theatrical lighting, photographic duplication (with dichroic filtration), television and color computer systems. They are the complimentary process to the subtractive primaries, cyan, yellow, and magenta that form all colors and black in printing and emulation, dye-based photography. |
Also see color, HSL, RGB, subtractive primaries, YCM |
| address |
The location in computer memory where a particular piece of information or program code for processing or machine control is stored. |
|
| addressable point |
|
Also see absolute point. |
| adhesive |
Substance that bonds materials together. |
|
| adjacent colors |
|
Also see analogous colors. |
| ADO |
Short for Ampex Digital Optics, a device used in video production for special 2D effects that often give the appearance of 3D animation. |
|
| advance |
Partial payment of money before beginning or during work on a creative project. |
aerial image |
| aesthetic |
Usually refers to a quality of beauty or artistic merit. |
|
| AFIPS |
Short for American Federation of Information Processing Society. |
|
| after image |
An optical effect where a ghost image is left after the original source image is removed. |
|
| agate/agate line |
A standard typographic unit used to measure column depth in newspapers, advertising, and other print disciplines. There are 14 agate lines to a column inch. |
|
| AI |
Short for Artificial Intelligence. A computer programming technique whereby the program logic is able to make decisions based on variable ranges and/or weighted values, rather than conventional if/then/else or yes/no logic. The code is also extensible or able to "learn" by creating new logic trees based on previous data. |
|
| AIEE |
Short for American Institute of Electrical Engineers. |
|
| air |
Refers to unused visual space surrounding typography or graphics. |
Also see white space. |
| airbrush |
1) A hand held pen shaped spray paint gun powered by compressed air which is used for creating a watercolor-like wash, retouching or special effects. The airbrush is excellent for creating continuous or graduated tone. Used for single media artwork or in conjunction with other techniques such as over photography. 2) Many paint programs include an airbrush tool that simulates the traditional airbrush, with color spreading from a mist of dots to a solid color depending upon the speed of operator motion and stylus pressure. |
|
| AIX |
IBM's version of UNIX. See UNIX. |
|
| algol |
Short for Algorithmic Language. |
Also see Appendix I. |
| algorithm |
A logical method of solving problems in science. The mathematical program logic (set of instructions/rules) used by the computer to solve problems and perform actions. |
Also see object oriented, vector graphics, outline fonts, PostScript. |
| aliasing |
The jagged stair-stepped effect found at the boundary, usually diagonal, edge of objects or regions of dissimilar color, on a computer display or output of a computer or other raster/pixel based image system. Line or color change in pixel or raster based display systems such as television, computer graphics, or computer based print technologies. |
Also see anti-aliasing and jaggies. |
| alignment |
How text lines up on a page or column: flush left (ragged right), flush right (ragged left), centered (ragged left and right) or justified (flush on both left and right sides). |
|
| alley |
The space between columns of text. |
|
| all rights |
The complete purchase or ownership of artwork for unlimited usage forever. |
|
| alpha channel |
|
|
| alphanumeric |
Information expressed or displayed consisting of the upper and lower case alphabet, numerical characters, punctuation and a limited set of graphic characters. Also the least sophisticated and fastest display mode for a computer. |
Also see ASCII, text mode. |
| alterations |
corrections or changes of an original creative work or typeset copy. |
|
| ALU |
Short for Arithmatic Logical Unit, a circuit in the computer processor or CPU. or other computer chip which must perform math operations. |
|
| amberlith |
An amber colored masking film. |
Also see mask, rubylith |
| Ames lettering guide |
A small plastic tool used to draw guidelines and slope lines especially for engineering and architectural lettering. |
|
| Amiga DOS |
The standard disk operating system for the line of Amiga Commodore personal computers. |
Also see DOS. |
| amorphous |
Without a definite form. |
|
| ampersand (&) |
The name of the symbol used to portray the word "and" |
|
| anaglyph |
A relief sculpture. |
|
| analog |
Refers to a system that works as a continuous variable flow. Human vision, live music, conventional AM/FM radio and television are analog systems. Most audio and video which is broadcast as radio or television or tape recorded is analog information processed with frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM). A continuous stream of information is referenced by its deviation in frequency (pitch or cycles per second) or amplitude (voltage) from a base carrier signal. Analog is not directly compatible with computers, which use digital information. |
Also see digital. |
| analog animation |
2D animation created by manipulating a raster image. This kind of animation has a very stylized fluid look and is primarily done with scanimate computers. |
|
| analogous colors |
Colors which are adjacent to each other on the color wheel, such as blue, blue violet, and violet. |
|
| analog to digital conversion |
Abbreviated ADC, the process of transferring analog signals to digital information. |
|
| analytical graphic |
One of the first uses of computer graphics, and still one of the most common and more important usages. Trends and relationships of numerical data are visually illustrated. Examples are bar or pie charts, line and x-y graphs. Finite Element Analysis display (FEA) or medical CAT scan display. |
|
| anchor point |
For many types of curve-drawing programs, the endpoints of a line segment that stay fixed while the curve is drawn or changed. |
Also see object based drawing. |
| angular perspective |
|
Also see point perspective. |
| ANIMA/ANIMA II |
Two real time 3D computer animation systems developed in the mid to late 1970's at Ohio State University. |
|
| animatic |
A rough motion test used to check the action, timing, and composition, etc. of a proposed film, video or animation sequence. |
|
| animation |
A series of related images shown in rapid succession that give the illusion of motion. NTSC television (used in the USA and most of the Western Hemisphere) uses 60 interlaced fields for 30 complete pictures (frames) per second. PAL, PAL-M and SECAM television systems (Europe, Brazil, USSR etc.) use 50 fields and 25 frames/second. Motion pictures use 72 frames/second (24 images/second through a 3 bladed shutter), except for Showscan which displays 60 individual frames/second. Computer animation systems most often create motion through the definition of "Key frames" with the computer creating the frames in between ("tweening"). |
Also see cel animation, key frame, motion picture, spline path, standards, television, tweening. |
| animation cycle |
A series of frames in an animation sequence that create a complete movement that can be repeated to extend or give the illusion of continuous movement without re-drawing additional frames. |
|
| animation rostrum |
|
Also see animation stand. |
| animation stand |
A stand used to record flat artwork onto film or video. Also called an animation rostrum in England. |
|
| animator |
The artistic personnel responsible for creating character movement by means of a series of related frames or drawings. |
|
| ANSI |
Short for American National Standards Institute, a committee that sets standards for electronic and computer equipment, which allows specific products to be developed by a number of manufacturers with known interchangeable properties. |
|
| answer print |
The first, final, completely edited and tracked film print or video recording. |
|
| anthropomorphic |
The assignment of human characteristics to animals or things. |
|
| anti-aliasing |
Efforts to smooth the jagged lines (called aliasing or "jaggies") created by imaging systems, such as computers or televisions, which have a limited resolution of pixels, or dots, of picture information in organized horizontal and vertical rows and columns. Diagonal boundaries between objects or areas of dissimilar color will have a stair-step effect. Anti-aliasing techniques include dithering, the averaging or blending the foreground and background colors, and averaging, where values are calculated for quadrants within each pixel and weighted values are applied to the larger display pixel. |
Also see aliasing, dither and jaggies. |
| A/P |
Short for Artists Proof. |
Also see artist's proof, and signing & numbering. |
| apparel |
Another word for fashion or clothing. |
|
| aperture |
1) The point of focused light in an optical system, halfway between the lens and the focal plane (where the image is focused onto film or a video device) 2) The opening of a camera lens. 3) Refers to a diaphragm used within the optical system to control the amount of light entering a camera and reaching the recording medium. Values are expressed as F-stops (calculated values) or T-stops (actual measured values). These values are expressed as a ratio of aperture diameter to lens focal length, e.g. an aperture of 50mm on a 100mm lens would be an F-stop of 2.0. |
|
| apex |
Refers to the highest point. |
|
| APL |
Short for A Programming Language, used for high level mathematic and scientific calculations. |
|
| AppleTalk |
A standard communications architecture for the Macintosh computer developed by Apple Computers. |
|
| application |
A computer program (or a use for a program) intended to get work done outside of the low level operation of the computer system itself. See object code, O.S., operating system, program, run-time, source. |
|
| appliqué |
An ornamental element that is applied onto a substrate such as a patch of fabric onto fabric. |
|
| aquatinting |
Form of intaglio printing in which an indented surface is created by a layer of acid resisting powder or rosin dusted onto a metal plate. The powder on the plate is heated to a glue consistency and put into an acid bath to create smoother transitions of tonal values often resembling a watercolor-like wash. |
|
| arabesque |
An ornamental motif usually of interlaced floral elements in a geometric pattern |
|
| arc |
A curve or section of a circle. |
|
| arcade games |
|
Also see video games. |
| archaic |
Old fashioned. Or sometimes used to describe out of date |
|
| architecture |
With electronic devices, the configuration or physical design layout of a system. |
|
| archive |
VERB: 1). To create a backup copy of a document, image, computer file or program. 2) To set aside such a back-up copy in a safe place of storage. NOUN: External storage device. Common forms are equipment which use 1/2 inch reel to reel tape, 1/4 inch or 8mm streaming tape cartridge, rigid disks (Bernoulli, Winchester), or optical disks (WORM, erasable, CD-ROM). |
|
| archival |
1) Describes paper that has been approved by the Library of Congress for conservational usage. Paper that has little or no acid content so it does not adversely affect any artwork it touches. 2) A back-up copy of a computer document, image, file or program. |
Also see also archive. |
| ARCNET |
One of the oldest and most reliable network protocols. |
Also see network. |
| area composition |
The process of fitting the units of text, photos or other graphics onto the original of a page that will be printed or otherwise reproduced. It is the electronic equivalent of what graphic artists call "paste-up". |
Also see paste-up. |
| arguments |
In programming, variables entered by a programmer to elicit certain results. |
|
| arithmetic & logic unit |
|
Also see ALU. |
| arithmetic processor/co-processor |
|
Also see accelerator. |
| armature |
In sculpture, the initial skeletal form, often made from wire, over which a work is done. |
|
| array |
An organized matrix or arrangement of data which correspond to text, statistical, visual, spatial, or any other type of information usually arranged in rows and columns and in classes of magnitude. Arrays are used to provide an easy cross reference to information or to perform math operations or large volumes of data of a similar type. A two dimensional array, such as a common spreadsheet, typically is information in a particular row or column sharing a special characteristic, e.g. travel expenses or image files of cats. Arrays, however, are not limited to 2 dimensions. 3, 4 or 100 dimensions are common in math and computer programs. |
|
| arrow pointer |
A pointer in the shape of an arrow or arrowhead and small tail used in many computer systems, or applications, to show where the next operation will take place, or to select objects and menu choices. |
Also see cursor. |
| art deco |
An influential style of design which takes it's name from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes. It is characterized by smooth geometric solid rectilinear shapes, bold colors and patterns of Egyptian/African/Indian influence. |
|
| art director |
Personnel that oversees the production of creative work from conceptualization through completion. |
|
| artificial intelligence |
|
|
| A.I. |
Short for artist's proof and one of the final test prints not intended for inclusion in a numbered edition. |
Also see signing & numbering. |
| art nouveau |
Art movement in the early 20th century characterized by overly ornamental flowing vine and floral elements and flat areas of color. |
|
| artwork |
1) In general, same as art, but used by some programs to refer to the full object-oriented drawing rather than the bit-mapped preview. (2) The original or camera ready document or media used for reproduction. Can be text only, graphics, pictures, or any combination thereof. |
Also see camera ready art. |
| ascender |
The part of a lowercase letterform that rises above its main body mass or x-height. Letters that in most fonts have ascenders are: b, d, f, h, k, t. |
Also see descender, x-height. |
| ASCII |
Short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, the most commonly used character set for the universal storage and exchange of alphanumeric information. Consists of codes 0 through 255, each of which represents an upper or lower case letter of the alphabet (some with foreign extensions), numeric digits 0-9, simple graphics symbol or a non-printing control code for machine operation e.g. ring bell (these characters are also used to operate external devices such as ASCII devices, line feed printers). Additional imbedded ASCII codes can be used within text to indicate more specific characteristics of the text. Not all ASCII symbol sets are the same, however, most share the common text oriented symbols used for keyboard entry. |
|
| aspect ratio |
The proportional relationship between the vertical and horizontal measurements in an image or on a screen. A one to one aspect ratio would have a normal appearance, other ratios could cause distortion. |
|
| assemblage |
Three dimensional artwork made of miscellaneous pieces and materials. |
|
| assembler |
Very low level computer language which consists of machine specific instructions. Code is written for specific hardware actions to be taken by the computer, CPU chip or other device being programmed. Also known as machine code. |
|
| assignment |
The act of assigning a particular characteristic such as mask level, color, opacity, specularity, reflectance, refraction, or transparency to an entity in an object based 2D or 3D image making program. |
|
| asynchronous |
Transmitting single characters at a time using start and stop bits. |
Also see synchronous. |
| asymmetry |
Form of visual balance created by the harmonious arrangement and distribution of differing elements within a space. |
|
| atmosphere |
The general mood of a piece of still art or motion picture. |
|
| AT&T Bell Laboratories |
One of the most successful commercially operated pure research laboratories in the world. Instrumental in the development of 4th generation computer languages and operating systems such as UNIX, and innovative techniques which have made possible the production of new generations of computer chips and integrated devices such as video capture and display systems. Helped to develop video accelerators, TARGA and VISTA video capture and display capabilities. |
Also see appendix I and F. |
| attribute |
A characteristic assigned to an element in 2D computer illustration or 3D objects. |
|
| author driven |
The software programmers means of directing a user along a "roadmap" or defined path through a program or application. |
Also see reader driven. |
| authoring language |
A relatively simple language used to control interactive programming such as videodisc programs. Usually written in Basic or Pascal. |
|
| autoflow |
A setting in some word processing and page layout programs, that tells the program to let text flow from one column to another on a formatted page or continue the placement of blocks of text on successive pages creating additional pages when necessary without specific operator intervention. |
Also see text wrap. |
| automatic kerning |
A provision of typesetting systems that automatically makes aesthetic adjustments to the space between letter combinations that would otherwise have large adjoining spaces. For example, bringing the "i" under the "T" in "Ti". |
Also see kern. |
| auto leading |
A setting on many typesetting and page layout systems that automatically picks the appropriate leading based on type size and style. |
Also see leading. |
| automatic pagination |
A feature of typesetting and page layout systems that allows the software to divide text into pages. The least advanced systems simply count lines and insert a form feed at the end of each page. More powerful systems take into account pictures and artwork, avoid leaving single words (orphans) or single lines of a paragraph on a page, and add running titles and page numbers. |
Also see text wrap. |
| automatic pencil |
|
Also see technical pencil. |
| auto trace |
In object oriented drawing a way of tracing and transferring the outline of a bitmapped image into an object oriented drawing. |
|
| auxiliary storage |
External storage of data such as an external disc or tape archive. |
|
| a/v |
Short for audio/visual. |
|
| avant garde |
Literally translated from French means "before style" and refers to artistic work that is on the forefront of popular stylistic movements. |
|
| axis |
The line in 2D or 3D space from which projection, reflection or rotation takes place. |
|
| axonometric projection |
In mechanical drawing, any one of the methods used to show dimensional information without necessarily portraying 3D reality. |
Also see isometric, dimetric, trimetric and oblique perspective. |
| B&W |
short for black and white |
|
| backbone |
|
Also see spline. |
| background |
In animation, the backdrop or scenery against which other actions or character movements take place. In still art forms and presentation graphics, the color backdrop or surface against which other elements are presented. |
|
| back-up |
To save an extra copy of work or information as a protection against damage or loss of original work. |
|
| bad break |
A term in design which loosely describes when a string of text breaks at the wrong point leaving a widow or orphan or incorrect hyphenation. |
|
| bandwidth |
The frequency range of the operating device. An increased bandwidth allows for more information to be processed at the same time. |
|
| bar chart |
An analytical graph that portrays variable values as blocks of color or pattern side by side sized according to their value. |
|
| barrel |
The metal end of a pencil which holds the eraser. |
|
| Baroque |
A stylistic period of 17th and 18th century European art characterized by dark atmosphere and extreme ornamentation. |
|
| base alignment |
on a typesetter or printer, a mode specifying that the normal lower reference edge of all letters should be horizontally even in a line of mixed sized or styles. This mode is also called baseline assignment. |
|
| baseline |
The imaginary line on which letters in a line of text rest. |
|
| baseline deflection |
In typesetting, a change in the vertical alignment of characters. Only some systems can do this in the middle of a line. |
|
| BASIC |
A simple construction programming language developed in the mid 1960's at Dartmouth College. Helped to develop the use of personal computers. |
Also see Appendix H. |
| bastard title |
The page oftn included before the title page in a publication, showing only the title of the book. |
|
| batch file |
A mthod of performing computing tasks whereby a series of files are executed in a sequence from a command file. Not an interactive process. Used toset up the operating environment on personal computers. Acommon procedure on mainframes. |
|
| baud |
A unit of measurement used to measure the speed of communication between devices particularly modems. |
|
| Bauhaus |
An art school in Germany and the associated stylistic movement. Active in the 1920's, it was characterized by experimental and bold usage of typography. |
|
| benday |
In illustration or printing, the screen or dots used to obtain visual interest or tone. |
|
| Betacam |
A professional video format which records component signal(Y, R-Y, B-Y) luminence and color information are recorded as separate components similar to digital RGB on computer systems. It was the preferred analog video format for recording computer graphics for some time. The other video formats such as 1", ¾" VHS and 8mm record as composite video. Betacam has an almost film-like look. |
Also see RGB, composite videos |
| bezier |
A type of curve, developed by Pierre Bezier, often used in CAD and in specifying type outlines. It is defined by specifying control points that set the shape of the curve, but the points do not necessarily lie directly on the curve itself. |
|
| bi-directional printer |
A printer that prints in 2 directions which is faster than uni-directional (left to right) printing. |
|
| binary code |
Numerical system of the base 2 in which each place f a number expressed as 0 or 1 corresponds to a power of two. The most basic code used by the computer. |
|
| binding |
The method by which pages of a document or book are held together. Examples are perfect binding, saddle stitching, or comb binding. |
|
| bit |
Short for BInary Digit. The smallest unit of digital information that is recorded as either an on or off, 1 or 0. |
Also see memory. |
| bitmap |
A type of graphic where the image is made up of a literal series of tiny dots arranged on a closely-spaced grid (with a specific number of dots per row and column such as 640x480 for VGA display). Bitmaps can be difficult to resize and take a lot of computer storage. |
|
| bit mapped face |
Type face composed of a bitmap of dots as opposed to outline fonts. When a bitmapped face is resized – it will have jagged edges along the diagonal lines. Outline fonts by contrast, are geometric descriptions of angles ad lines which can be resized and scaled to any size. |
|
| bit plane |
A memory array of bits that corresponds to the visual display or output. Graphics with a 1 bitplane can display only 2 colors, e.g. black or white. A system with 8 bitplanes can display 256 colors or levels of grey. 24 bitplane systems can display 256 levels of red, 256 levels of green and 256 levels of blue. A total of 16,777,216 colors. Systems with more than 24 bitplanes can store alpha channel information such as transparency or provide double buffering. |
Also see packed pixel. |
| black burst |
Composite video signal with no visual information, i.e. the screen image is totally black. /used as a reference signal to sync video machines toether, or record a field and frame address onto blank video tape. |
|
| blanket |
The rubberized fabric in a printing press that transfers the ink from the plate to the paper. |
|
| bleed |
To place a graphic on in an area where one or more sides extends outside the page's trim edge. In commercial printing, a bleed is produced by printing on paper that is larger than when finished size. Excess paper is then trimmed to leave no margin space. |
|
| blind emboss |
An embossing or debossing without printing or foil stamping. |
|
| block cursor |
A box shown on a monitor screen whose size represents the area that will be occupied by a block of text. Block cursors are most often used during the assembling of typeset material into pages to see what the effect will be of different formats and type sizes. |
|
| blowup |
An enlargement of a photo, graphic, or text. |
|
| blue line |
In printing: a test run of a printed page done photo mechanically instead of with ink. A blue image on white paper is produced to check the offset printer plates. In drafting: copy produced from a velum or transparency original. |
|
| blue pencil |
In mechanical art, guidelines drawn with a non-repro blue pencil or pen that does not reproduce photo mechanically with ortho films or by xerographic process. |
|
| blue screen effect |
A technique used in film making based on the principal that certain shades of blue do not photo mechanically reproduce. This enables special effects by merging images against a blue screen with a background. A foreground image is shot in front of a blue background of carefully controlled color and illumination. Blue is chosen because it is the farthest on the color wheel from flesh tone.A video of film matte is created to remove the background and a second image is inserted to produce a composite final image. |
Also see compositing. |
| blurring |
A technique used to simulate how the human eye sees motion. |
Also see motion blur. |
| board |
1) A plug-in hardware component of computer systems. Computers consist of a backplane (comparable to the wiring and plugs in a house) and boards which help certain tasks to be done (akin to appliances). Each board usually contains components for a specific function such as CPU (Central processing unit), graphics, extended memory, accelerator, or multifunction. 2) Cardstock or very heavy or laminated paper that is used as a base for the creation of mechanical art. |
|
| body |
the size of a letterform from top to bottom. |
|
| body copy |
1) The block of type that creates the substantive main portion of a page(s) of text. |
Also see Appendix G. |
| body type |
Type sized to set body copy. See body copy and display type. |
|
| bold face |
Type style that is heavier than the normal, book, or Roman weight of text. A separate thicker outline font on object or bit mapped display or output systems. Impact printers use an offset double strike to create bold face. |
|
| bond paper |
A standard writing weight paper known for durability and permanence. |
Also see paper stock. |
| book |
A type of paper stock available in many weights used for printing books and general printing. |
Also see paper stock. |
| boot |
To start or restart the computer processor by means of re-loading the operating software. A hard boot is done by powering a reset button on the computer. A soft boot is accomplished by hitting special keys (Control, Alternate and delete buttons on IBM or IBM clone systems). A hard boot is usually done by turning the computer off and then on again. Some combinations of hardware from different vendors will not successfully reboot without shutting off power and cannot be used for software development. |
|
| bounding box |
1) In drawing or page description applications, an imaginary box within which an image is located. It represents the rectangular areaa which encircles and contains specific text or graphics and is usually created by the diagonal dragging of a mouse or pointing device. 2) In 3D applications, a box which encloses the greatest dimensions of a selections of a selected object in x, y, z. Often substituted to spedd up processing when objects are rotated or translated on screen; or to define scene areas to be inspected by rendering software such as ray tracing. |
|
| branching |
In interactive programming: to link one segment with another. The user may reach a segment branch according to his/her input. |
|
| brightness |
1) The intensity of a color with HSL (Hue, saturation lightness) deacription. In referring to color, the amount of light emitted or reflected by a color or surface. 2) When referring to paper, refers to the quality of reflection or brilliance. 3) In photography, the positive ratio between reflected light (luminence directly off a subject object) and incident light (falling into a scene). |
|
| bristol |
A sturdy paper stock that is multi-ply (more than one layer of paper)and often used for inking or drawing. |
|
| broadcast video |
Video which meets the national broadcast standards of the nations distributors, RS170A standard of the National Television Standards Committee (NNTSC) in the U.S.A. Only video broadcast by FCC regulated stations. |
|
| Browser |
A software program that allows a user to display Documents written in HTML or other scripting languages. |
|
| BSC |
Short for Binary Synchronous Communications. See synchronous. |
|
| buffer |
An intermediate area in a computer system for storing information temporarily. |
Also see frame buffer. |
| bug |
A problem in programming code which causes a program dysfunction. |
|
| built up letter |
a hand lettered technique in which a letterform outline is created and then filled in as opposed to making it in a single stroke. |
|
| bullet |
A center fixed dot added for embellishment or emphasis |
|
| burnish |
The term used to describe the act of rubbing down dry transfer materials usually with a tool called a "burnisher." |
|
| buss |
The set of connectors in the basic architecture of the computer that provide a path for the transmission of data between I/O (input/output) devices to other I/O devices or the CPU. |
|
| butt registration |
In printing: to have colors that appear next to each other without seams. One color printing requires a double burn, Multi-pass printing requires exact registration. |
|
| byte |
A set of 8 consecutive bits which allows 256 possible color combinations. ASCII code, a standard for text and simple graphics, uses one byte per character. |
Also see memory. |
| C |
A high level programming language. It was used to write the UNIX operating system. |
Also see Appendix H. |
| cache |
A special memory area utilized by the computer to store the most recently used instructions for quick referral. |
|
| CAD, CAD-CAM |
Short for Computer Assisted (Aided) Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing. Application programs used primarily by engineers and scientists to develop two or three dimensional design drwings, databases and manufacturing through the computer. |
|
| CAE |
Short for Computer Aided Engineering. Refers to computer applications which use computer data to perform engineering analysis, e.g. FED (Finite Element Distribution). |
|
| CAI |
Short for Computer Assisted (Aided) Instructions. |
California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech) |
| calligraphy |
hand lettering technique whichis compsed of thick and thin ink lines. |
|
| callout |
Text used to "call out" the reader's attention through quotes or altered text format. Also used to identify a graphic image. Also called a pull-out quote. |
|
| Cal Tech |
California Institute of Technology in Pasadena |
|
| CAM |
1) Referring to typesetting systems, short for Composition and Makeup or Computer Aided (Assisted) Makeup. 2) In CADCAM, short for Computer Aided (Assisted) Manufacturing. |
Also see CAD |
| camera ready art |
The final artwork created before going to press. Consists of all text and graphics assembled on their own pages and overlays ready for reproduction. |
|
| cancel |
Cancels whatever function or command that was just previously requested by the user. |
|
| cap |
1) The treatment of the ending of a line segment or curve. Common caps include butt caps (squared off), round caps (rounded), square or projecting (squared but carried beyond the end point), and arrow caps (with an arrow at the end). 2) Short for capital. The uppercase version of a letter |
|
| capitol |
The uppercase version of an alphabetical character. Abbreviated as cap. |
caption |
| carriage return |
In desktop publishing or word processing the break of line. A hard return is done by actually hitting the return/enter key. A soft return is the result of word wrapping at the end of a column. |
|
| Cartesian coordinates |
A space defined by the distance of each point from a set of two (or for 3D, three) axes that intersect at right angles. This is the normal form used in most graph and small scale maps, and for most layout programs and page description languages. |
|
| case |
Text can be upper case ("Caps"), lower case ("lc"), or upper and lower case ("U and lc") |
|
| CASE |
Short for Computer Assisted (Aided) Systems Engineering. |
|
| cathode ray tube |
An electronic display that creates an image on the faceplate of glass tube coated on the inside with a light-emitting phosphor that is struck by high-speed electrons. This is the family of tubes used for television displays, editing terminals, personal computers and third-generation phototypesetters. |
Also see CRT. |
| CAV |
Short for Constant Angular Velocity. In interactive technology: refers to an optical laser disc that revlves at a steady 1800 RPM. |
|
| CDG |
Short for Compact Disc Graphics. |
|
| CDI |
Short for Compact Disk Interactive. |
Also see Compact Disc Interactive and DVI (Digital Video Interactive). |
| CD ROM |
Short for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. See optical laser disc & mass storage device |
|
| CD ROM XA |
Short for Compact Disc Read Only Memory Extended Architecture. |
|
| CDV |
Short for Compact Disc Video. See optical laser disc and mass storage device. |
|
| CED |
Short for Capacitance Electronic Disc. A no longer used early videodisc developed by RCA. |
|
| cel |
The individual picture frame which is part of a series of animated movement frames. Usually black outlines drawn (inked) on special acetate and filled in (opaqued) by special animation paint. |
Also see acetate, prepared acetate. |
| cel animation |
Traditional animation technique using a series of related pictures (cels) flashed quickly in succession so that the eye perceives movement. |
|
| centered |
Alignment of text that is ragged on both left and right side. |
|
| center mark |
An alignment or registration mark. |
|
| CEPS |
Short for Color Electronic Prepress System. |
|
| CGA |
Short for Color Graphics Adapter. |
Also see graphics card and Appendix F. |
| channel |
Electronic device or buss facilitating the transfer of data between I/O devices. |
|
| character |
A single letter, number, punctuation mark, symbol, or space element. |
|
| character count |
Referring to a block of text, the number of characters including word spaces, numerals, and punctuation. In graphic arts, spaces are counted but usually not other non-printing characters. In information processing, both printing and non-printing characters are usually included. |
|
| character generator |
A subsystem for a terminal, printer, typesetting system or other display unit that creates the proper graphic image from the codes used to represent the various characters. Used in video production to create text on screen. |
|
| character set |
The set of letters, punctuation marks, and other symbols that can be displayed by a terminal, printer, phototypesetter, or other display device. Some devices have several character sets which can be chosen either by switch selection or by a special code sequence. Many terminals, for example, have various international character sets (with the accents required for a particular language), and many have a special graphics character sets to draw shapes. |
|
| char/s |
Short for characters per second. Refers to the speed of certain output devices. |
|
| chase |
In printing: the metal frame which holds the type and printing plates in place. |
|
| check box |
In many programs with graphical interfaces, a small box that you click on with a mouse or change with a keystroke to indicate whether or not you want some optional step to be taken. |
|
| chiaroscuro |
The use of light and dark in painting or drawing which produces the effect of modeling. |
|
| chinoiserie |
The term used to describe ornamental motifs in design with an Asian or Oriental look. |
|
| chip |
A modular integrated circuit. |
|
| chromalin |
A proprietary term referring to a proof print of color work. 4 color separation film negatives are exposed to separate plastice sheets. The sheets are treated to show process color and laminated together and used for client presentation and check for correc registration and color. |
Also see color key and color proof. |
| chrominance |
1) The measure of color. 2) In component video, the color signal (R-Y and B-Y). |
Also see luminance. |
| Chyron |
A computer graphics workstation used to generate electronic titling text to overlay video. |
|
| cibachrome print |
a proprietary term referring to a high resolution full color photographic print made from a positive transparency. |
|
| cicero |
A unit of measurement that is equivalent to 4.55 millimeters, used for measuring type size, commonly used in Europe. |
|
| CIU |
Short for Computer Interface Unit. |
|
| click |
To indicate an object or operation by quickly pressing and releasing the appropriate button on a mouse or other printing device. |
|
| Client |
Clients are the computers that make requests for information on the Internet. When you log onto the Internet with an online service, your browsing software acts as a ‘client’. |
Also see server. |
| Client Server Network |
A client requests information, etc. A server stores information, processes requests from clients and supplies the information and instructions on how to display it. Working together they form a Client Server Network. |
|
| clip |
To select the part of a graphic that should be shown on screen or in a region of a page. |
Also see clipboard and clipping path. |
| clip art |
Images that are designed to be copied or moved into other layouts, and sold in collections as resources. Originally, clip art was physically clipped from books of images, but now is normally copied electronically or photographically. |
|
| clipboard |
On most graphics oriented programs, a temporary holding area which temporarily stores the text, graphic, or group of objects last cut or copied, and from which you can place that text graphic or group.. |
|
| clipping path |
An outline used to select the portion of an object or image. |
|
| clone |
To make an exact copy. |
|
| close |
As applied to a file or document, to finish processing and write desired changes back to the disk. |
|
| closed path |
A loop or path that returns to its starting point. Used in programming or animation programming. |
|
| CLV |
Short for Constant Linear Velocity, In interactive technology: refers to an optical laser disc which has limited interactive access, but has extended play time per side. |
|
| COBOL |
An acronym for COmmon Business Oriented Language, a programming language used for business or commercial use. |
|
| code |
Set of usually incomprehensible symbols used to represent programming data. |
|
| cognitive mapping |
The ability of the computer to solve problems and produce theories through pattern recognition. |
|
| coincident |
At the same point. For graphics, usually that means the same point in space, rather than in time. |
|
| cold press |
A paper manufacturing technique, used most often for illustration paper and boards to create a textured surface. |
Also see hot press. |
| collated |
When multiple copies of a multiple paged document are grouped into separate and complete copies of the publication. |
|
| collograph |
Form of printing in which objects such as string, material, or tissue are glued onto a surface and varnished |
|
| color |
The combination of HSV, hue (wavelength), saturation (purity) and value (intensity), that gives light or reflected object a characteristic tone. |
|
| color key |
a proprietary term referring to color print proof process developed by 3M. Sepearate film positives are made for each color and placed in register for client presentation. |
Also see chromalin and color proof |
| color model |
A method of representing the color of colored items, usually by their components along at least three dimensions. Common models include RGB (red, green, and blue light), HSV (hue, saturation and value) and CYMK (cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, common printing inks). |
|
| color palette |
The colors provided by the application or available on the user's system. |
Also see fixed color. |
| color proofs |
also called progressive proofs. The firs full color samples printed ona press used to obtain client approval and to check registration and color. |
Also see chromalin, color key and blueline. |
| color resolution |
The number of different colors or grayscale values a system can present or work with. The value is usually given in bits (where each added bit doubles the number of available colors). |
|
| color separation |
The process of separating full color original artwork into the primary printing colors of cyan, yellow, magenta, and black, in either positive or negative form. |
Also see CYMK. |
| column guide |
A vertical line or other marking that is used during layout to indicate the edge of a column, but that does not print in the final copy. |
Also see grid system. |
| column width |
The horizontal measure of an individual column. |
|
| comb binding |
A binding technique where a series of holes are punched into the inside margin of collated pages and a spiral wire or plastic coil is threaded through the holes. |
|
| combination mark |
A signature mark that includes both a symbol and logo (name) together for quick recognition. |
Also see mark. |
| command |
Instructions given to the computer in the form of a string of abbreviated text. |
|
| commission |
1) to promote an artist with work 2) a percentage of money given to an artist's agent for negotiating business. |
|
| communications |
General term given to encompass media or any form of expression where information or ideas are transmitted from a source to a receiver. |
|
| comp |
Short for Comprehensive. A "comp" is the final dummy rendering that looks as close as possible to the finished printed piece before going to print. Also called a Mock-up. A tight comp is more detailed and accurate than a loose comp. |
|
| Compact Disc Interactive (CDI) |
A system using a small plastic optical storage disc containing music, visuals and/or data which allows the user to selectively choose a "path or plan of action" and further respond to the output. |
Also see digital video interactive |
| compatibility |
The ability of equipment or programs to share information or programs without conversion or modification. |
|
| compass |
A hand held device which holds a pen or pencil to make perfect circles or arcs. |
|
| compile |
To translate or convert. |
|
| component video |
Professional level video in which the information is broken up into Y-IC components. |
|
| composite |
1) In some drawing programs, a preview of an illustration showing all layers or both type and art elements. 2) A page number with two parts such as 2/7 (page 2 of seven pages). 3) Referring to color, the type of color formed by two or more overlapping colors. |
|
| composite video |
Consumer level video according to the NTSC standard that includes the complete television signal including chrominance (red blue and green signals), luminance and sync (timing) pulses. |
|
| compositing |
In computer animation and video production, the process of merging more than one image together to produce a 'composite' image. Images from the computer are stored on transparent backgrounds so that backgrounds are visible and overlapping images properly block out elements behind them. |
Also see blue screen effect. |
| composition |
Referring to text, the distance between individual characters (spacing) and between lines of text (leading). |
|
| compound document |
A document that includes both text and graphics. |
|
| computer graphics |
In desktop publishing, the process of electronically composing text and graphics for printing. In desktop presentation, the process of electronically generating text and graphics for slides and overhead transparencies. In computer animation, the process of creating images from geometric primitives such as lines and polygons. The three major areas of 3D computer graphics are modeling (creating objects by means of coordinates, lines, points, surfaces and solids), manipulation (the action or purpose), and viewing. |
|
| Computer Image Corporation |
A company important for bringing computer graphics to television in the early 1970's. |
|
| compress |
A mathematical process using algorhythms to contract the computer code into less storage space. |
|
| compressor |
A pressurized tank used to supply air for an airbrush. |
|
| condensed type |
A type style that is a narrower version of another typeface. |
|
| connector point |
In some drawing programs, a point where a curve meets a line segment with the end of the curve collinear with the line. It marks a smooth transition from curve to line. |
|
| constrain |
To place limits on an operation, its inputs or the results. Drawing operations are often deliberately constrained by various options to produce selected types of lines or curves, for example, to create a perfect square, circle, or perpendicular line. |
|
| continuous tone |
Artwork that contains subtle tonal transitions and graduated or fading elements such as a photographic print. |
|
| contract |
An oral or written agreement between two parties to perform services or produce materials usually with monetary compensation for one or more parties from the other. |
|
| contrast |
The range of dark to light values in an image. An image with extreme dark and light tones and less mid tones is considered high contrast. One dominated by mid tones is low contrast. |
|
| control code |
Various machine directions accessed by combinations of keystrokes. |
|
| control point |
A point that determines the shape of a curve, but that does not necessarily along the path of the curve. |
|
| controller board |
The circuitry that oversees the input and output of tape, disk, and display units. |
|
| convergence |
The electronic alignment of display systems. |
|
| convolution |
In computer animation, a filtering technique used to sharpen or soften the focus of an image. |
|
| coordinates |
The precise location of points aligned along the x, y and sometimes z axis. |
|
| copy |
1) In drawing or layout programs, to make a duplicate without removing the original. 2) The nickname given to text. |
|
| copy fitting |
The process of determining the length or size of a selection of text according to whatever attributes are assigned to it. |
|
| copyright |
the ownership rights of an artist to his/her work. |
|
| copy stand |
A stand set up to hold lighting and a video or still frame camera and flat artwork or three dimensional objects so they may be photographed or digitized under perfect conditions. |
|
| corner point |
A point at which a line changes direction. A meeting point for two or more line segments that are not collinear. |
|
| corner radius |
For squares or rectangles with rounded corners, a value that determines the size of the rounded portion. |
|
| counter |
The inside of a rounded hollow letterform. Letters that in most fonts have counters are: a, b, c, d, e, g, j, o, p, q. |
|
| cover |
Heavier paper stock available in many finishes, textures and colors. |
Also see paper stock. |
| CPP |
Short for Characters Per Pica. |
|
| x print |
a color positive photographic print from a negative transparency. |
|
| CPS |
Short for characters per second. Refers to the speed of certain printing device. |
|
| CPU |
Short for Central Processing Unit. |
|
| crash |
When a system shuts down because of some internal error, sometimes resulting loss of data. |
|
| critical dimension |
The measurement of an image or object that needs the most reduction to fit into a specified area. |
|
| crop |
To selectively remove elements from a graphic or photograph. |
|
| crop marks |
The thin rules that line up with the outside of a publication or image to show where the trim edge is. Used as a guideline for printers. |
|
| cropping tool |
The tool which you use to trim a graphic image. |
|
| croques |
rough sketches usually done for fashion illusration |
|
| crosshairs |
On a lens, the crossed pair of lines meant for precise alignment or aim. |
|
| crossbar |
A shape commonly used in desktop publishing and drawing programs to signify the position of the cursor for drawing lines and shapes. |
|
| crowquill |
a hand lettering pen used to create fine lined ink drawings. |
|
| CRT |
An abbreviation for Cathode Ray Tube, a family of image devices like the common television picture tube. The shorter abbreviation is now used almost exclusively, and the original term is no longer part of common usage. The term commonly appears as "CRT" and "crt". |
Also see cathode ray tube. |
| cursor |
A special character on a display screen that shows the position where the next character will be placed or of some specially marked position. Most commonly, cursors are either square blocks the size of a single character, underlines that go under the character position or special symbols that cannot be produced using the normal characters on the terminal such as arrows or crossbars. A cursor can highlight text, graphics or objects in different ways (underlining, making it inverse, blinking the character, boxing a group). |
|
| cursive type |
A typeface resembling hand written as opposed to set or typewritten printing. Also called script. Examples would include Palace Script or Murray Hill. |
|
| curve point |
In some drawing programs, a point defining a curve through which the curve must pass. |
|
| cut |
In some drawing or editing program, to remove a selected object or block. Many programs automatically put cut objects on a clipboard, from where they can be pasted in at a new location if desired. |
|
| cut and paste |
To remove material from a document and replace it in another location or in another document. It is the same to taking a paper copy of a document and cutting it apart and pasting it back together in another order. |
|
| cyberspace |
|
|
| CVD |
Short for Compact Video Disc. |
|
| CYM CYMK |
A color model and method of representing color based on the standard printing ink colors of Cyan, Yellow, Magenta and Black. Black is abbreviated with the leter K, for "key", as most keylines are printed in the color black. |
Also see color and color model. |
| DADA |
A stylistic movement in the early 1920's that started as a literal movement and was highly critical of previous artistic efforts. It was abstract and imaginative and included nonsensical words or phrases combined with imagery. |
|
| DAP |
Short for Digital Audio Processor. |
|
| DAT |
Short for Digital Audio Tape which can be used now to record video and computer data as well as audio. |
|
| data |
Information or input fed to a computer. |
|
| database/database management |
1) A file of organized information in the computer for easy access. 2) The process of keeping information organized. |
|
| db |
Short for decibel. |
|
| DDL |
Short for Document Description Language. |
|
| deboss |
Similar to embossing only that the impression made goes below the surface instead of raising above. |
|
| debug |
To retrace and remove programming errors. |
|
| decibel |
A measurement used for electrical and acoustical values. |
|
| decoder |
In computer and video graphics the devices that translate composite video into RGB signals. Part of a system that converts, unscrambles, or organizes incoming computer code or data. |
Also see encoder. |
| dedicated computer system |
A computer system that uses multiple computers under the control of a separate computer. |
|
| dedicated line |
Communications link used only for data transmission between 2 devices. |
|
| de facto standards |
Common principals or measure widely accepted by the computer industry. See Universal Standards. |
|
| default |
A setting that will be chosen automatically unless changed specifically by the user. |
|
| density |
Applied to data storage, the amount of data stored per unit area, especially on magnetic or photographic media. |
|
| derivitives |
In typography: fonts which are different from its original intended design. |
|
| descender |
The part of a lowercase letterform that drops below its main body mass or baseline. Letters that in most fonts have ascenders are: g, j, p, q, y. |
|
| deselect |
To withdraw an item or region from the current selection. |
|
| design brief |
A project analysis compiled by a creative director or publisher of creative work, consisting of an original manuscript, proposed manufacturing or production processes and design development. |
|
| design element |
A generally non-illustrative graphic form that adds to the "look" of a page or communicates some part of the text in a non-verbal manner. |
|
| densitometer |
An instrument that measures reflected or transmitted light, used as an aid in the proper exposure and checking of negatives and plates. |
|
| desktop |
A metaphor (analogy) used as the way some operating systems present themselves to the user. For example, file directories and choices of programs are shown as icons (pictures) on a blank field representing a desktop surface. Most systems using the desktop metaphor let you take out several documents, stack them one on top of each other on the desk, and work on the top document. |
|
| desktop publishing |
A branch of computer graphics in which an individual can create a publication on a PC based computer with the aid of word processing, graphics software, and page layout programs. Writing, editing, designing, laying out and producing a publication electronically. Often abbreviated DTP. |
|
| De Stijl |
A stylistic movement during the 1st quarter of the century that believed in a strong unity among the arts and leaned heavily toward abstraction and rigid rectilinear pattern. |
|
| device driver |
The computer code developed to interface specific equipment in a system. |
|
| dialog box |
On many programs with graphical interfaces, an on-screen box that represents one or more choices and asks for a user response. |
|
| diagnostic |
Software used to allocate errors and verify operation set-up. |
|
| die-cut |
In printing a process used to cut paper in special shapes by using a sharp steel metal plate. |
|
| digital |
Refers to a system that operates on numerical quantities (digits) generally under the binary code of)'s and 1's as opposed to the continuous flow of analogue systems. |
|
| digital audio |
technique or recording sound as numerical values and sequences to improve fidelity. |
Also see digital |
| digital data |
digital information that can be stored, maintained and processed through computerized equipment. |
Also see digital. |
| digital dump |
In interactive technology: usually refers to Level II applications where programming has been recorded (encoded) directly onto the surface of a videodisc as opposed to running a disk from the programs on a computer. |
|
| Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) |
A device used especially in computer animation to convert the digital signals used by the computer into analog signals. |
|
| Digital Video Interactive (DVI) |
Intel's propriety technology that includes a system using a CD ROM disk, stored full motion video, and compression-de-compression technology that allows immediate random access. |
Also see Compact Disc Interactive. |
| digitized type |
Type that has been stored as digital dot or stroke patterns, rather than as photographic images. If the dot or stoke density (resolution) is high enough, the result will look quite clean and crisp, while still offering the cost savings and flexibility of digital computer storage and processing. |
|
| digitizer |
1) A computer peripheral device that sends digital (numerical) position information to the computer, either on command from the user (point digitizing) or at regular intervals (continuous digitizing). Digitizers come in tabletop models (digitizer pads) through large stand-alone units. Some offer translucent backlit surfaces, and resolutions up to 1,000 lines per inch. In most designs, the user traces the object to be digitized with a pen stylus or puck. 2) Also a device to combat analog to digital data. |
|
| diametric projection |
In mechanical drawing: a drawing of a three dimensional where two of the three X, Y, Z, axes of space appear equally foreshortened. |
Also see isometric projection. |
| dingbats |
Ornamental characters also known as a pi font used for decoration or special symbols. Often a whole typeface is dedicated to symbols for a specific interest i.e. math musical symbols. |
|
| DIP |
Short for Dual In-line Package. Small switches used for setting input and output devices. |
|
| director |
a creative authority who oversees and controls the production of visual and audio materials. |
|
| directory |
A specifically named space on the disk where related files are stored under one heading. |
Also see Appendix B. |
| disk/diskette |
Magnetized disk used for information storage. There are three generally used sizes: floppy, flexible disks in 3 1/2" and 5 1/4" in diameter and hard, rigid disks in 8". |
Also see floppy disc. |
| disk drive |
The mechanism inside the computer that spins the disk at a high speed next to a read/write head. |
|
| Disk Operating System |
abbreviated as DOS |
Also see DOS. |
| display device |
In most computers the CRT monitor, but it can also be a LCD or digital readout or any other means of electronically showing computer information. |
Also see input /output Device. |
| display type |
Headlines or text larger than the body copy. |
|
| dissolve |
A term used in film, video or animation that describes a continuous, gradual fade from one image to another. |
|
| Distributed Network |
The web is a Distributed Network in that it has no central computer (like most other networks). The processing of information is distributed in that any server can be accessed by any client. |
|
| dither |
To place dots in an area of an image to soften an edge, visually smooth a jagged line, or to simulate a shade or tone with a collection of dots or pixels. |
|
| document |
The term used to name a file created on the computer. |
|
| documentation |
The set of informational and instructional materials for a system or program. |
|
| interchange architecture |
IBM's standard for formatting and exchanging office documents between systems. |
|
| Document Description Language (DDL) |
The newest of the three major page description languages. Features the best of PostScript and Interpress, but as yet lacks widespread use. |
|
| domain |
|
|
| DOS |
Short for Disc Operating System. The primary software used by a computer to organize and access data. |
|
| dot |
The individual element of a halftone. |
|
| dot matrix printer |
A printer that prints by means of a matrix of pins against a printer struck onto the paper usually at a very low resolution. |
|
| dot pitch |
one of the forms used to describe a monitor's ability to display detail. The measurement in millimeters between the RGB phosphorous elements on a color screen. Also called a tri-dot pitch. |
|
| double-click |
A quick double pressing of the appropriate button on a mouse or other drawing device used to perform certain commands. |
|
| double density |
A standard floppy diskette with 1.2k, almost twice the memory storage capacity of a single density diskette. |
|
| double-headed arrow |
The shape that the pointer or cursor tool may take on when dragging a handle to move or resize image areas, ruler or column guides. |
|
| double sided publication |
A publication such as a book, newsletter, magazine, etc. that will be reproduced on both sides of a sheet of paper with outside margins and inside gutters |
|
| download |
To move information usually from the computer's internal disk to external storage. |
|
| downloadable fonts |
Referring to printers or computerized typesetters, tables which can be purchased separately for individual different fonts telling how to construct those characters when they are sent from the computer to the output device. By allowing the output device to accept additional character sets, it expands the number and variety of output typefaces that can be produced. To be able to accept downloadable fonts, printers or typesetters must have sufficient memory and intelligence to receive and store the images. |
|
| DPI |
Short for Dots Per Inch. Refers to the resolution of various devices such as printers and displays. |
|
| draft |
1) To draft a mechanical rendering of an object or site usually as part of the design and manufacturing process. 2) A rough unfinished version of a page, document or image. |
|
| drafting machine |
A mechanism attached to a drawing table which facilitates the drawing or alignment of vertical horizontal and specific angled lines. |
|
| drafting tape |
Tape with a low acid content that removes easily without damage to the substrate. |
|
| drag |
Refers to a specific mouse motion: to hold down the appropriate button and move the mouse or drawing device in one motion. To move an element in a drawing or layout program after selecting it by this motion. |
|
| draw |
1) As applied to creating computer images, to create with vectors (line and curve segments) rather than with individual spots. 2) In interactive technology, the ability to record onto a videodisc without a commercialn mastering facility. Short for Direct Read After Write. |
|
| driver |
Software that acts as a link or adaptor for software and hardware, such as specific programs or operting devices like mice, keyboards monitors, etc. |
|
| drop-out |
1) Selected portions of artwork not produced in the final image usually to accommodate type or a highlight. 2) In electronic communication, the interruption of data transmission. |
|
| drop-out type |
Type using a white or a light color against a dark background. |
Also see knockout. |
| dry mount |
A process used to bond paper with heat and without the use of wet adhesives. |
|
| drypoint |
Form of intaglio printing in which the indented surface is created by a steel pointed tool scratching a plate. |
|
| dry transfer type |
Typographic elements, usually alphabets, or dingbats, but can be rules, patterns or other graphic elements, on a coated wax paper. The characters can be rubbed off the paper and onto another surface. Used in comprehensives. Also called rub-down or press-on type. |
|
| DTP |
Short for Desktop publishing, which is composition and page layout done electronically with personal computers. |
Also see desktop publishing. |
| dummy, dummy publication |
On many desktop publishing programs, a master or planning document showing the elements and marked blocks for text and graphics rather than actual text and graphic contents. Also can refer to what is otherwise known as a "rough", a non-electronic "planning-stage" version of a document showing the color, size, shape, and placement of text and graphics in the form of a rough sketch. |
|
| duotone |
A tone-toned halftone created from a single -color photograph. |
|
| dupe |
short for duplicate. Refers to duplicate slides, film or tpe made rom an original transparency, negative or master, respectively. |
|
| DVI |
Short for Digital Video Interactive. |
Also see CDI and Digital Video Interactive. |
| EBCDIC |
Short for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. |
|
| ECS |
Short for External Communications Service. |
|
| edge detection |
The use of image processing techniques to identify area boundaries within an image. |
|
| edit |
To change any segment of a publication. |
|
| edit level video |
The speed of video traditionally used for rough cut editing, usually 10 frames per second. |
|
| EGA |
Short for Extended Graphics Adapter. |
Also see graphics card and Appendix F. |
| Egyptian type |
Serif type with square serifs. |
|
| EIA standards |
Short for Electronic Industries Association. Standards set for television broadcast. |
|
| electronic mail |
Correspondence within a network. |
|
| elite |
Standard smallest typewriter font that prints 12 characters per inch. |
|
| ellipses |
The three dots... sometimes included in text which indicate missing text or imply the meaning of etc. |
|
| em |
The square space of a standard letterform in a set size within a typeface. |
Also see em space. |
| E-mail |
|
Also see electronic mail. |
| em dash |
A hyphen that is the width of a letter "m." |
|
| embedded |
Referring to output formatting commands in a word processing system, commands for the printer or typesetter that are included within the regular text, rather than specified in a separate file by direct keyboard command. |
|
| embossing |
In printing the relief impression of an image or type on paper. |
|
| em space |
A unit of measure between or before characters in typography equal to the point size of the type in use. For example: in 12 point type an em space is 12 points wide. |
|
| emulation |
Hardware or software that permits programs written for 1 device to be used on another. |
|
| en |
a typographic term referring to a space that is half the size of an 'em' space. |
Also see em and emspace |
| encapsulated PostScript |
A file format that carries both a description of an image in the Post Script page description language an optional bit map format for screen display. This format is increasingly used for image interchange in both the Mac and IBM world. |
|
| encoded signal |
A measure sent through the computer in a particular coded structure. |
|
| encoder |
Part of a system that converts one kind of computer code to another or to an external device's. |
Also see decoder |
| encryption |
in computer graphics and video interfaces: translation of an RGB signal into composite video. |
|
| en dash |
A hyphen that is the width of a letter "n." |
|
| engraving |
Form of intaglio printing in which the indented surface is created with a pointed tool called a burin. Usually engravings are characterized by linear detail and cross-hatching. |
|
| en space |
A unit of measure between or before characters in typography equal to half the point size of the type in use. For example: in 12 point type an en space is 6 points wide. |
|
| EPS or EPSF |
Short for Encapsulated PostScript, or Encapsulated PostScript format, a file format that contains Post Script coding for an image and a bitmap representation of the result. |
|
| ergonomics |
The study of systems and equipment in order to improve their quality |
|
| etching |
Form of intaglio printing in which the indented surface is created by a chemical process. The metal plate is covered with and acid resist into which lines and textures are drawn by a sharp tool or etching needle. Then the plate is submerged in an acid bath which "bites" into the exposed metal. |
|
| ethernet |
A standardized communications network between computer terminals. |
|
| export |
To copy or send text, graphics or layouts from a program in a form suitable for use with other programs. |
|
| extended type |
A type style that is a wider version of another typeface. Also called expanded type. |
|
| extension |
In many operating systems the shorthand version of the name of different software formats tagged at the end of each individual file name. |
Also see file format and Appendix E. |
| external hard disc |
|
Also see hard disc. |
| face |
|
Also see font. |
| facing pages |
In a double-sided publication, the two pages that face each other when the publication is open |
|
| facsimile |
An electronic communication where digitally scanned text and images are transmitted via a phone line to a printer on the receiver end. Abbreviated as fax. |
|
| fade |
to change from one image to another by means of simultaneous increasing and decreasing of luminence of two images. |
Also see dissolve. |
| family |
Set of related typefaces that share a name and common roots, but may differ in attributes such as weight or width. Examples would be the Helvetica family which contains Helvetica Condensed and Helvetica Black (extra bold) among its styles. |
|
| fax |
|
Also see facsimile. |
| FDL |
Short for Forms Description Language. |
|
| feltside |
the side of a piece of paper better suited to printing. |
|
| field |
One complete vertical scan of the horizontal lines in a bit plane. |
Also see interlaced. |
| fifth generation |
1) For typesetting equipment, a unit with direct electronic formation of the image, such as a laser printer. 2) refers to advanced computer software as in A.I. |
|
| figure-ground |
A design term also called figure field that refers to the spatial relationship of the predominant visual element to the surrounding elements and background. |
|
| file |
A collection of information stored on the hard disk or floppy disk. |
|
| File Extension |
Originally from the IBM PC compatible world. File extensions are 3 letters that follow the name of a file to identify what kind of file it is. For example: class.doc (Microsoft Word document) class.tif (Tagged Image Format - a graphics file) or for the web you might see: class.htm (IBM PC HTML file) or class.html (Macintosh HTML File) class.gif (Graphic Image Format) |
|
| file format |
The individual way every program has of writing information to disc. The name of an individual file within a program is given an extension to identify its unique format Some common examples are: PIC, PCX, CGM, DXF, WMF, MSP, GEM, and EPS. |
Also see Appendix E. |
| film loop |
The repetition of a series of images on a computer display screen to simulate motion in real time. |
|
| film recorder |
An external output device that translates electronic graphics to photographic film (slide, poloroid, 35mm or 70mm, etc.). 2000 lines are sometimes used for proofing, but the normal minimum resolution is 4000 lines but can currently go as high as 8000 lines. |
|
| film strip |
a continuous set of images lined up vertically on film which may simulate motion when projected by light onto a screen and viewed quickly in sequence. |
|
| finished art |
finjal complete version of any artwork, illustration, photography or mechanical art. |
|
| finder |
In the MAC world, a file that manages, saves, names or deletes other files. |
|
| firmware |
Programming instructions stored in hardware |
|
| first rights |
the rights to use creative work on a one time first original usage oas in a single magazine or book publication. |
|
| fit in window |
A command to show an image in the largest possible size that will fit the currently selected pages in the on-screen window. |
|
| fixed color |
An unchanging standard color palette as opposed to a palette that offer choices such as 16 out of 64 colors. |
Also see color palette. |
| fixed spacing |
|
Also see monospace. |
| flat color |
Color that is printed as a solid. |
|
| flat files |
1) Single unrelated computer files. 2) A storage unit for artistic media. |
|
| flat shading |
Technique used in three dimensional modeling to render the faceted surfaces of an object as single colors based on orientation to the light source. Gives a faceted look. |
Also see Shading |
| flood coating |
In printing when an entire large area of paper is covered by a solid color. |
|
| flooding |
In drawing programs, to fill an area with color. |
|
| floppy disc |
A 2", 3 1/2", 5 1/4", or 8" flexible magnetic disk used for information storage. |
Also see hard disc. |
| flow |
To place text on a page by importing it from another source or place. |
Also see auto flow. |
| flow chart |
A diagram that portrays data movement or transitions |
|
| flourographic process |
In camera graphic work when a drop-out halftone effect is created due to the fluorescence of the paper of the original artwork being photographed. |
|
| flush/flush right/flush left |
Text lines which are even on one margin and ragged (uneven) at the other margin. |
|
| flush paragraph |
a paragraph with no initial indent. |
|
| fly leaf |
the blank pages at the beginning and ending of a book |
|
| folio |
The page number of a document sometimes accompanied by the volume number, name of publication and date. |
|
| font |
The all inclusive set of characters of a specific typeface including upper and lower case letterforms, punctuation, numerals, etc. |
|
| font editing |
The ability to artistically alter the outline of a typeface. |
|
| font metric |
A series of numbers describing the width and proper spacing for each character in a font. These metrics are used by the layout program for planning the page and by the printer for executing it. |
|
| footer |
An element, usually text, that appears at the bottom of all the pages of a document such as the page number and document or chapter name. |
|
| footprint |
1) The measurement of 2 pages of a bound document when laid flat. 2) the space an electronic device physically takes up. Desktop devices will often boast a small footprint. |
|
| foreground |
In design, referring to the area in focus, that which is printed, as opposed to the background. In object-oriented programs it may refer to the top layer or level of graphic elements when elements can be brought to front or sent to back. |
|
| foreshortening |
in perspective visualization, the contraction of an image as it receeds in space away from the viewer's perspective. |
|
| format |
1) To prepare a floppy disk by means of setting up mathematical sectors to store data in. 2) The styles applied to a type of font or paragraph. The way that text or paragraph looks. 3) To assign such characteristics to a document. |
|
| form creation |
An important function of word processing and desktop publishing programs in the business world. |
|
| FORTRAN |
Short for FORmula TRANslation, a high level language originally used by engineers to write programs which could be compiled into machine code. |
|
| foundry type |
special hand set display type usually 14 points or larger. |
|
| four color process |
In printing the three primary colors cyan, yellow and magenta, and black (abbreviated CYMK) are used to print all colors through the use of screened color combinations. |
|
| fourth level generation |
The latest higher generation of computer languages and their associated programs. |
Also see Appendix H. |
| FPO |
Short For Position Only and is usually written on stand-in photographs or photocopied artwork placed for correct positioning on a mechanical when the actual photograph or artwork will be stripped in at a later time. |
|
| fractal |
1) A branch of geometry which can be used to describe natural objects and occurrences more efficiently then plane and solid geometry. This ability to create irregular surfaces or properties was first developed by Benoit B. Mandelbrot. 2) The shapes created mathematically by this geometry. |
|
| frame |
1) In some desktop publishing programs, a unit of design that can contain text, graphics, or both. A page is made up of a series of frames. 2) A single still image from a series of animated images. 3) in video, 2 complete fields makeup a frame. |
|
| frame buffer |
A specific area of memory in a computer in which an image or frame is stored. |
|
| freehand |
In drawing and layout programs, a drawing mode that creates a path following the position the user indicated with a mouse or pointing device rather than constructing the path from defined geometric shapes. |
|
| freelancer |
an artist who is employed on a temporary or independent subcontract status. |
|
| frisket |
Adhesive paper used to block out or stencil areas when airbrushing or painting that is removed afterwards to reveal the unpainted area. |
|
| front end |
1) The terminal from which a user can work or interact with a larger system or mainframe.2) software as in used in an interface |
|
| front matter |
The pages in a document from the front cover to the beginning of the text usually numbered by lower case alphabet or Roman numerals. |
|
| front piece |
in a book, the page containing an illustration facing the title page. |
|
| FSL |
Short for Forms Source Language used to create forms. |
|
| f-stop |
The setting on a camera which adjusts the aperture opening of the lens for correct exposure. |
|
| full page monitor |
A monitor large enough and with enough definition to be able to display a graphics or textural page. |
|
| function keys |
Keys on the keyboard or a control panel that can access and initiate specific computer operations. |
|
| galley/galley proof |
In traditional graphics a proof page of typographic columns before they are pasted into the camera ready board. |
|
| gamma correction |
A technique used to improve a video image brightness and color. |
|
| gang or gang up |
in printing: to combine multiple copies of the same or similar printed materials onto one printing plate to lessen the cost and number of print runs needed. The multiple copies are cut to size after printing. |
|
| gateway |
A named communication junction or translating service in a network. |
|
| genlock |
1) the device that synchronizes signals when 2 video sources are hooked together to help prevent screen flicker or rolling. 2) that actual synchronization of two video sources. |
Also see sync and sync pulses. |
| gestalt theory |
A theory in design that takes into account the spatial relationships of figure to ground. |
|
| gothic type |
Another name given to sans-serif type. |
|
| gouache (gwash) |
An opaque watercolor paint. |
|
| Gouraud shading (guro) |
Smooth Shading technique used in three dimensional modeling to render the surface of an object by interpolating the colors at the corners of a polygon across the surface of a polygon. |
Also see shading. |
| grab |
In most desktop publishing programs, to select a section of text or graphics particularly for movement. |
|
| grabber |
1) A commonly used name for the tool on a drawing or layout program that selects and moves text or graphics. On many programs it looks like a small hand. 2) an image grabber captures a bit map copy of a screen display 3) a video grabber captures full frame video. |
|
| graduation |
The gradual changing of a color to another color or the gradual change of intensity of a color also can be referred to as graduated fills. |
|
| grain |
In paper, the direction in which the majority of paper fibers lie. |
|
| graphical |
As applied to programs and user interfaces, ones that use on-screen graphics as their main method of presenting choices and status information to the user. |
|
| graphic boundary |
In desktop publishing, a box usually shown as a dotted line, that surrounds a graphic that defines where text can and cannot flow with respect to the graphic. |
|
| graphics card /graphic adapter |
The add-in circuit card device that allows the computer to display and create color graphics. There are different versions available according to the resolution and number of colors desired. Examples are CGA Color Graphics Adapter, EGA Enhanced Graphic Adapter, VGA Video Graphics Adapter, TARGA Truevision Analogue Rastera Graphics Adapter. |
Also see Appendix F. |
| graphics co-processor |
special chips used in monitor adapters to speed up image display, especially helpful with CAD programs. |
|
| graphic designer |
any visual artist that creates visual communications graphics. |
|
| graphics mode |
On a typesetting terminal or system, a setting that displays type in its actual shape and size rather than as block characters. This mode provides more accurate feedback, but requires more hardware power. |
|
| graphics tablet |
A drawing tablet accompanied by a stylus that supplies a direct link to input data to the computer screen with a more natural pen and paper feeling for the user. |
|
| graphics workstation |
The combined hardware elements necessary to perform a computer graphics operation |
|
| graphite |
the lead substance used in pencils. |
Also see pencil numbering system |
| gray scale |
1.levels of the color gray between black and white. 2) Refers to devices that do not rely on dithers or halftones to show the values of gray. |
|
| greeking |
Simulated text used to speed the screen display of text. In traditional typography greeked text is just 'mumbo-jumbo' language set in the appropriate font. Often it will resemble Greek or Latin text such as "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet." |
|
| greeking threshold |
The size at or below which a desktop publishing program shows text on screen with lines or patterns rather than with the actual text letters. This is done to speed screen updating, but the real text can be seen by enlarging a portion of the display or by printing out the page. |
|
| grid system |
The underlying design plan for a publication with which design elements align. It is based around a series of non-printing horizontal rules, vertical rules (column guides), rulers, and margins that intersect to form a grid. |
|
| guide |
In desktop publishing, a non-printing dotted line that helps the user align text, for example: margin guides, ruler guides and column guides. |
|
| guild |
a group of progessionals in the same field that associate with each other to further their sklills facilitate the development of their profession. |
|
| gutter |
The inside margin of a document usually next to the binding. |
|
| habercule |
a ruler developed by habercule co. used to measure typographic point sizes an picas for mechanical art. |
|
| hairline |
A rule usually equivalent to .25 point. |
|
| half inch video |
1/2" wide video tape used by Beta, VHS and M2) Used extensively in the home video market. |
|
| halftone |
An image that has been photographically converted through a screen to a fixed pattern of black dots so that it can be printed. |
|
| handle |
In many desktop publishing programs, a dot, square or other visible element added to or adjacent to boxed selected material on screen used to change or move the object. |
|
| handshaking protocol |
A term used to describe the common link or exchange of signals between 2 electronic systems that establish communications. |
|
| hanging Indent |
An "indent" that hangs outside the left-hand margin. |
|
| hanging bullet |
A bullet that usually hangs on the left-hand margin separate from a list of text. |
|
| hard copy |
Permanent printed output. |
|
| hard disc |
Electromechanical mass storage device usually constructed of aluminum discs. The generally interior permanent memory storage built into the computer, although external hard disks are available. |
|
| hardware |
Refers to the machinery electrical or mechanical that comprises the computer system. |
Also see software. |
| HDTV |
Short for High Definition Television. |
|
| header |
Text appearing at the top of the page. |
|
| head margin |
The space above the 1st line of copy on a page. |
|
| hertz and MHz |
cycles per second used to measure screen display refresh rate. For instance, 70-80 Hz is a common rate and appears normal, whereas 60 Hz would create screen flicker. |
|
|
|
|
| hidden surface |
In 3D the lines or planes masked or obscured by objects in front of them. |
|
| hierarchical filing system |
A memory storage system where directories contain files and subdirectories which contain more files and often more sub-directories. |
Also see Appendix B. |
| highlight |
1) To visually differentiate a selection of text or graphic by means of reversal or boxing. 2) The "hot" bright spot of a halftone or continuous tone image. |
|
| high res, high resolution |
Refers to a screen display or output device with more pixels or dots to create a more detailed less jaggie image. Examples of high res modes are 640x350 for EGA or over 600 dpi for printers. |
Also see Appendix F. |
| host |
the mainframe computer providing high speed processing and extensive information storage that less powerful systems are networked with. |
|
| hot press |
1) A smooth surfaced board or paper that allows ink or other wet media to dry in a smooth even way. It also allows easier re-positioning of paste-up work. 2) in printing, the method of using heat and pressure to stamp metallic leaf onto a printing surface. |
Also see cold press. |
| HSV |
Short for hue, saturation, and value, a color model used in some graphics programs. HSV is intuitive, but has to be translated to another model for colored printing or for actually forming screen colors. |
|
| HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) |
A programming language used by the web to send information on how to display information and images. Most documents on the Web are currently written in HTML. |
Also see hypertext |
| hue |
The main color attribute or property of color corresponding to the frequency or wavelength of light. This is what makes red different from yellow. |
|
| Hypertext |
A type of page layout programming that allows users to jump from one place in a document to another or from one document to another document altogether. These jumps are performed by pointing a mouse at “links”. |
Also see HTML |
| hyphenation |
To insert a hyphen or hyphens into a word in order to allow the word to be broken onto two lines of copy. |
|
| Hz |
short for hertz |
Also see hertz |
| I beam |
In many desktop publishing programs, the shape of the cursor when the text tool is selected. |
|
| IC |
Short for Integrated Circuit. |
|
| icon |
A small graphic image that represents a function, operation or pointer tool. |
|
| image area |
The area within the margins of a page in which graphics and text are placed. |
|
| image enhancement |
To electronically bring out elements of a visual that would be unnoticed, distorted, too little contrast, or too small, if left untouched. |
|
| image processing |
Used to describe the process of manipulating real or synthetic images generated by a wide variety of digital source such as a video camera, a CT scanner, or a satellite. |
|
| image setter |
An output device of 600 dpi or over generally using photochemical processing. The most commonly used being the Linotronic. |
|
| image synthesis |
The generation of an image in computer animation from a mathematical model instead of observation. |
|
| imaging |
The process of taking otherwise meaningless raw information and forming a useful picture from it. |
|
| impact printer |
A printer that mechanically strikes the paper with an imprinting device through a ribbon like a typewriter or dot matrix printer. |
|
| import |
To bring text or graphics into a program from an external program other than its origination, such as a word processor, or external graphics source. |
|
| import filter |
The software that translates or prepares text or graphics for placement in another program. |
|
| imposition |
In printing, the way multiple pages are printed together on one big sheet of paper so that when they are folded and cut they fall in correct order and placement. |
|
| in-between |
The image(s) that fill in the movement between key frames in animation. Sland term for this is 'tweens.' |
|
| in betweener |
an animator that works on creating in-betweens. Also called a tweener. |
|
| increment |
The individual spaces on a ruler. |
|
| indent |
The amount of space a given line of text or paragraph is inset or extended from the normal margin of a paragraph. |
|
| Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) |
division of Lucasfilm corp. owned by George Lucas and a major developer of CGI and special effects. |
|
| initialize |
1) Also known as to format the process of preparing a floppy disk for computer use. 2) To set up a printer or other device. |
|
| ink and paint |
In traditional cel animation to draw an outline (ink) and fill the outline with color (paint or opaque). |
|
| inker |
an animator who inks the outlines of finished drawings onto cels. |
|
| ink jet printer |
A printer that forms printed images and text by jetting a stream of electro statically charged ink drops onto a specially coated paper. |
|
| input/output device |
Any device that enables a user to send or receive graphic or alphanumeric information to the computer. Input devices include: graphics tablets, trackball, light pen, mouse, joystick, keyboard. Examples of output devices include: dot matrix, ink jet, and laser printers, film and video recorder, plotter. See display device. |
|
| insertion point |
The location where the next typed text character will be placed. It is usually indicated by a special cursor, such as a flashing bar or I-beam. |
|
| inside margin |
The usually larger margin which is bound, sometimes called the gutter. |
|
| INT |
short for image and transfer – a proprietary dry transfer process used in making comprehensive layouts. |
|
| intaglio printing - pronounced (en-tahl-yo) |
Form of printing in which lines or textured areas are acid etched or incised below the surface. The surface is inked so the indentations are filled with ink and the raised surface is wiped clean before pressing the plate to dampened paper to transfer the image. The final printed result will often have a raised ink look which is highly desirable in etching and engraving. |
|
| integrated circuit |
Integration of discreet components in minituraized form. The brain cells of a computer also known as the computer "chip" made of chemically treated silicon so that the surface functions as an electronic part. |
|
| integration |
To combine multiple functional systems under one system. |
|
| interactive |
Direct response between the user and the media. |
Also see CDI and DVI. |
| interactive levels |
Ray Daynes of the Nebraska Videodisc Group defined the various groups of interactivity as follows: Level 1) consumer level player capable of frame addressability (still freeze frames) dual channel audio with limited memeory and no processing power Level 2) industrialized with level 1 capabilities but with a programmable processor on board and better access time. Level 3) a level 1 or 2 player interfaced with a computer. Level 4) theoretical level with unlimited capabilities. |
|
| interactive programming |
A form of programming where the programmer can quickly, easily and interactively make changes without necessarily waiting for the entire program to run. The computer will re-adjust the program to accommodate any changes and may also point out problems to the programmer. |
|
| interface |
1) The interactive boundary between two or more separate devices or systems. 2) the programming that allows such interaction. |
|
| interlaced |
On a CRT display screen the alternating field scan of odd and even lines of each frame. Provides faster refreshing time with typically lower quality resolution. Standard television uses an interlacing process to paint an image display. |
Also see non-interlaced. |
| inter-line spacing |
|
Also see leading. |
| internal hard disc |
The inflexible disk inside the computer capable of storing large amounts of data. |
Also see hard disk. |
| international paper sizes |
The standard metric based paper sizes used by Europe and Japan. Some approximate standard sizes are A4 8 1/4" x 11 3/4" and B5 7"x 9 7/8" |
|
| interpolation |
Numerical interpretation of 2 values or functions to create a 3rd value. The mathematical technique that can create in between values by looking at surrounding values. |
|
| Interpress |
Page description language (one of the three major PDL) developed by Xerox which supports difficult document threading. |
|
| invert |
To reverse text either by mirror image or by color, i.e. black to white. |
|
| I/O |
Short for Input/Output. |
|
| iris |
The circular opening of an optic device or lens. |
|
| ISO |
Short for International Standards Organization, the group which develops and publicizes standards for technical and informational electronic communications. |
|
| isometric projection |
A method in drafting used to draw an object in 3 dimensions where the angles must add up to 360 degrees (this makes the perspective appear exaggerated). |
|
| italic |
A text characteristic where letters slant to the right. |
|
| jaggies |
A colloquial term for the jagged aliased edges formed on raster scan displays particularly when displaying curved or diagonal lines. |
Also see Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing. |
| job |
Series of operations performed in sequence by the computer to complete a specific task. |
|
| joystick |
An input device most often used in a computer game context that can be tilted forward, backward, and laterally to send movement or placement instructions to the computer. |
|
| jump line |
The line which tells where an article is continued in a document. |
|
| justified |
Referring to text, lines that are flush on both left and right margins of a paragraph |
|
| k |
Short for Kilobyte (1000 bytes) or more accurately 1024 bytes. |
|
| Kawaguchi, Yochiro |
|
|
| kern |
To adjust and optimize the spacing between pairs of adjacent characters for better legibility, most often to move them closer together, because of visual imbalance in a succession of characters. |
Also see auto kerning. |
| key |
A term meaning the same as to type in the individual buttons on the keyboard. |
|
| keyboard |
An input device that is set up like a typewriter with additional keys for numerals, functions, and other special symbols. |
|
| key commands |
A set of commands used in graphically oriented programs that bypass the use of a mouse or pointing device by using a keyboard. |
|
| key frame |
In animation specific points in a sequence of movement which are mapped or drawn out as guides for the in-between movements. |
|
| key line |
On a mechanical the drawn outline of additional visual elements (to be placed in at a later time) indicating their size, shape and exact position. |
|
| key line artist |
an artist who does pasteup or works on mechanically produced artwork. |
Also see camera ready art |
| kickback |
an illegal practice ofgiving money or gifs to an artist for passing on work to specific establishments such as a printer. |
|
| kilobyte |
Literally translated as 1000 bytes but is more accurately 1024 bytes. |
|
| knockoff |
the unethical and illegal practice where an artist's style or actual creative work is copied without changes, proper credit or monetary compensation. |
|
| knockout |
To reverse a graphic element or type out of a solid color or another graphic such as white type out of a photographic background. |
|
| laminate |
To heat or pressure bond plastic film over a surface to protect or enhance it. |
|
| LAN |
Short for Local Area Network. A communications network within a small area or building linking computers and electronic equipment. |
|
| landscape |
In many programs the horizontal/wide orientation of a page. |
Also see portrait. |
| laser |
1) An acronym for Light Amplifications by Simulated Emission of Radiation. 2) A device using a narrow beam of light to communicate and store data or make printouts. 3) |
|
| laser printer |
A printer using laser technology to transfer toner to paper. Includes color and monochrome PostScript and non-PostScript printers. |
|
| layout |
The arrangement of text and graphic elements on a page or in a publication. |
|
| LCD |
Short for Liquid Crystal Display. Now used for thin screen displays such as in laptop computers. |
|
| lead |
1) short for leaing 2) the graphite in a pencil. |
|
| leader |
Graphic element that leads into a tabbed text string or block, usually dots or dashes. |
|
| leading (ledding) |
The spacing between lines of text vertically measured by the point system from the tops of the capitols of two successive lines of text. The term comes from the thin strip of lead that was placed between rows of metal cast type to add space between the lines in early typography. |
Also see autoleading. |
| LED |
An acronym for Light Emitting Diode. Used as indicator lights on electronic equipment. |
|
| letter mark |
A mark that is a letterform, shortened version of a lengthily name usually unpronounceable and used to identify a company. A well known example is IBM for International Business Machines. |
|
| letterpress printing |
a standard form of printing which uses a raised inked surface to imprint. |
|
| letter quality printer |
A printer with output equal or better in quality to a typewriter. |
|
| ligature |
A typographic character that includes 2 or more characters fused into one character such as ae. |
|
| light box |
A small tabletop version of a light table. |
|
| light face |
typestyle that is lighter in weight than the normal book or Roman weight of text. |
|
| lightness |
As applied to colors in general and inks in particular, the proportion of the way between white (100%) and black (0%). |
|
| light pen |
An input device looking like a plastic pen that transmits a high speed photosensitive signal to the video display screen in order to change the display. |
|
| light table |
A table with an opaque glass top and a light underneath that enables easy tracing. Also used by printers for working on or stripping film negatives. |
|
| line |
In most drawing programs, the name used for a line segment (meaning a portion of a straight line with defined end points). |
|
| line art |
See line drawing. |
|
| line cap |
The treatment of the ending of a line segment or curve. |
Also see Caps. |
| line conversion |
A form of posterization where a continuous tone artwork or photograph is photo mechanically converted into solid black and white. |
|
| line drawing |
Black and white artwork. Sometimes refers to vector based graphics. |
|
| line feed |
A carriage return. |
|
| line gauge |
a ruler used to measure space for text. |
|
| line graph |
An analytical graph that portrays variable values through a line plotted on a grid with x and y coordinates. |
|
| line length |
The horizontal measure of text between 2 margins. |
|
| line plotter |
An output device most often used in CAD/CAM that includes a cartridge held pen over a paper tablet that draws lines according to the computer's instructions. |
|
| line screen |
In printing refers to the number of dots per inch in a halftone. Screened images are ordered in varying line screens according to the capacity of the printer and the nature of the final printed piece. A line screen of 60 to 80 would be normal for newspaper photographs; however a line screen of 120 or more would be more appropriate for better printed jobs. |
|
| line spacing |
|
Also see leading. |
| line style |
The appearance of a line or border of a shape. |
|
| linocut |
Form of printing in which a relief surface is created by gouging out the negative (white) part of an image from the linoleum coated surface of a block of wood . |
|
| LISP |
A high level programming language used mostly for artificial intelligence. |
|
| lithography |
Form of printing which is based on the fact that water and grease don't mix. The artist/printer uses a grease-like substance called tusche (toosh) on lithographic stone, aluminum or zinc plates and then treats that surface chemically. The surface is sponged with water and inked. The oil-based ink is absorbed by the grease, rejected by the water and the ink is then transferred to paper. This process is also known as Planographic printing. |
|
| litho tape |
Red film tape used to mask out film. |
|
| live area |
the area on a page where all the elements are placed, i.e. the areas within the margins. |
|
| load |
To enter software or information to the computer from an outside source such as a floppy diskette. |
|
| Local Area Network |
|
Also see LAN. |
| local color |
the actual color of an object before it is affected by any atmospheric conditions such as light. |
|
| local talk |
A standardized communications network between computer terminals and peripherals such as printers or typesetters. |
|
| lock |
In many desktop publishing programs, the ability to anchor column guides or rulers in a specific unmovable position. |
|
| logo |
1) An identifying graphic symbol or trademark ideally in a non-text format. 2) A legally protected word used in specific type to identify a company, product, brand or group. |
|
| logotype |
an identity symbl or trademark using alphabetical elements. |
|
| logon/logoff |
To sign onto and off of a computer terminal before and after use usually by means of a password. |
|
| lookup table |
In image processing, a table of values including color and brightness, which are assigned to a particular frame. |
|
| low res |
Short for low resolution. Refers to the number of parts per area in graphics. Low resolution has larger pixels, looks very blocky and jagged, and will offer less color choices. |
|
| lower case |
The small letters of a typeface as opposed to the capitols. |
|
| lucigraph |
A light table with a pulley mechanism that moves up and down to increase or decrease the size of an image so it may be traced at different percentages. Also called a lucey. |
|
| luminance |
1) The measure of lightness, brightness, or intensity. 2) In component video, the Y part of the signal. See chrominance. |
|
| lupe |
A magnifying glass used to see details on proof sheets or photographs. |
|
| M |
Short for Mega. Refers to the quantity of 1,000,000 |
|
| machine language |
the very basic computer programming language usually consisting of 1s and 0s. Code, understood by the computer, usually driven by software programming which has been converted to machine readable instruction. |
|
| magnetic media |
Data storage devices that use magnetically coated materials (such as iron oxide). Examples are tape or disks. |
|
| magnetic resonance |
A technique used in the medical field to create 3D views of an object (or human body) by passing it through a magnetic field. The recorded information is interpreted and displayed graphically through a computer. |
Also see image processing |
| magnifying glass |
On many drawing and layout programs, a tool that allows you to examine a section of the page in more detail. |
Also see pick glass. |
| mainframe |
A large fast computer and related systems that can work on many programs simultaneously. |
|
| manual |
1) An operation done by hand. 2) instruction book or guide. |
|
| manual text flow |
To flow text onto a page without it automatically continuing onto the next column or additional pages. |
|
| map |
1) To assign new colors or gray levels based on information in an original image. 2) In three dimensional modeling the technique used to add attributes to the surface of polygons. See reflection map and texture map. |
|
| margin |
The spatial boundary around the edge of a page within whose border text or graphics appear. |
|
| mark |
An identifying symbol. Examples are logos, lettermarks, symbols, pictographs, combination marks, and trademarks. |
|
| marker comp |
final composite drawing created by felt tip pens. |
Also see comprehensive. |
| markup |
1) the additional service charge added to reimburseable expenses to compensate for the time and labo of acquiring the material, etc. 2) to write notes or changes to a concept drawing. |
|
| marquee |
A rectangular area, often surrounded by blinking dashes or dotted lines, used to select objects or regions in a drawing or CAD program. |
|
| masking |
procedure using high contrast motion picture film and ifferent exposure combinations to create special effects. |
|
| mask/masking film |
Opaquing media used to block out an area of artwork or photograph during production. Examples of this are rubylith or amberlith (referring to their red and amber color). |
|
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) |
The MIT Media Lab has been _____ |
|
| mass storage device. |
Large volumes of storage media such as hard disk devices, tape cartridges, and DAT devices. See CD ROM, and optical disks. |
|
| master |
A final original copy of a document, video or film which can be used to make additional duplicates. |
|
| mastering |
the process of recording preliminary versions of a recrding onto a final new original. |
|
| master items |
Items on the master page which will appear on all or most pages of a publication, such as running heads, rules, non-printing guides, page numbers, etc. |
Also see master page. |
| master page |
A page used as a template for individual pages in a publication. |
|
| masthead |
The logo, title or banner head of a magazine or newspaper that appears at the top of the cover or 1st page. |
|
| matrix |
An electronic array of mathematical elements in a grid of rows and columns. |
|
| matte |
Not glossy or dull surface finish. |
|
| matte white screen |
projector screen with a smooth low reflectance surfaceused for large area viewing. |
|
| matting/mat |
1) The technique of blocking out parts of the background of an image when merging foreground images. 2) The process of adding a decorative cardboard (a mat) to frame artwork. |
|
| mbyte |
Short for a megabyte, nominally 1 million bytes and actually equal to 1,048,576 bytes. |
|
| measure |
the width of a column of typography. |
|
| mechanical |
camera ready artwork used for production of printed goods. |
Also see camera ready art. |
| medium |
1) artistic material i.e. clay, paint, etc. 2) can refer to the specific base of an artistic substance, i.e. oil is the medium for oil-based paint. Water is the medium for acrylic or watercolor paint. |
|
| megabyte |
|
Also see Mbyte. |
| memory |
The space in the computer where information is stored. The smallest unit of measurement in the binary system is one bit. 8 bits equal 1 byte, 1000 bytes equal 1 kilobyte (kb), 1000 kb equals 1 megabyte (mb), 1000 mb equal 1 gigabyte (gb). Standard hard disk memory amounts are 20-30-40 mb, 72-80-135 mb, and 300-360-760 mb. Different machines run at different memory capacity levels. For example in the personal computer world, a PC and XT run at 8 bit level, an AT runs at 16 bit and a 386 runs at 32 bits. The more memory ability, the faster the computer can run. |
Also see RAM and ROM. |
| memory board |
The add-in circuit card in which memory chips are placed for data storage. |
|
| menu |
A combination of text and graphics that offer a list of commands or options to the user. |
|
| menu bar |
On graphically operated software such as for the Macintosh or Microsoft Windows, a line of text (usually at the top of the screen) containing a set of key words that can each be selected to bring forth a more detailed menu of choices. |
|
| mezzotint |
A speckled continuous tone pattern used as an ornamental screen. The look was originally created for metal plate printing by a serrated tool called a rocker which rocked across the surface of a plate pitting it with countless indentations that when printed would created tonalities of gray and black. |
|
| M format |
A high definition VHS television recording system developed by Panasonic with 600 or more lines of resolution. |
|
| microchip |
A small integrated circuit. |
|
| microcode |
A small instruction list to be handled by the microprocessor. |
|
| microcomputer |
A personal computer. |
|
| microde |
|
|
| microfiche |
A sheet of film with miniaturized imagery for mass storage. |
|
| micro processor |
The chip or integrated circuit containing the central processing unit in any computer based system. |
|
| MIDI |
Short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. |
|
| midtone |
The middle (30% to 70%) values of a halftone or continuous tone image. |
|
| mini-save |
In some desktop publishing programs, a version of a publication that is saved to disk each time a different page is selected. |
|
| MIPS |
Short for Millions of Instructions Per Second, the speed at which a computer processor operates. |
|
| mirror |
To reflect a drawing or portion about a line or point. Mirroring can be used to finish the other half of a symmetric object, to invert objects left or right or top to bottom, or for other special effects. |
|
| MIT |
Short for Massachusetts Institute of Technology. |
|
| mock-up |
|
Also see comprehensive. |
| model/modeling |
1) the shaping of 3 dimensional forms or the illustration of such shape on a 2d plane by means of light and gradations. 2) The 3D model created by the computer. 3) The process of making such a model by externally digitizing a physical sample model or by internally using constructive solid geometry. |
|
| modem |
An acronym for MODulator/DEModulator. A mechanism that translates computer data into modulated audio signals that can be relayed over a phone line then re-translated back into computer data. |
|
| modern |
Serif typestyle designed in the 18th century whose form has supposedly achieved mechanical perfection with noticeable contrast between thick and thin strokes as opposed to the less refined oldstyle fonts. An exmple of a modern font would include Bodini. |
Also see serif. |
| modernism |
A 20th century stylistic movement characterized by simplicity, elimination of ornament and clean, slick forms sometimes at the expense of realistic representation. |
|
| overstrike |
The process of signal frequency transmission conversion that is accomplished by varying a specific parameter within the signal to fit the transmission media and receiver. |
|
| moiré pattern |
A usually undesirable pattern created when 2 transparent patterns are overlaid out of alignment or when patterns are disproportionately resized. |
|
| monitor |
The video display device of a computer system. The standard monochrome usually displays in white, green or amber. Resolution is normally 200 x 300, but high resolution is approaching 2000 lines of definition. Many different models are available depending upon intended usage. Such as color for color imaging or full page monochrome for desktop publishing. |
|
| monochrome |
Single color imaging. |
|
| monoprint |
|
Also see monotype. |
| monospace |
In typography, when different characters are allowed equal spacing. Normally typewriters type in monospace, also called fixed spacing. |
Also see proportional space. |
| monotype |
A print that has an edition of one and is usually created by painting or inking a smooth varnished surface and by pressing the surface against dampened paper to transfer the image. |
|
| mosaic |
Artwork created by small individual elements or tiles of color as opposed to a continuous tone of color. |
|
| motherboard |
The circuit board on which the CPU and other key supporting circuits sit. |
|
| motion test |
|
|
| mouse |
A hand held device with buttons (usually 2, but sometimes 3 or 4) and a tail (cord connecting it to the computer) used to move elements, draw or otherwise control or create a layout. A mouse may work with a trackball and use the relative movement of the ball to input spatial information to the computer or work with the relative movement of a light projected from the bottom of the mouse against a grid mat. Another type of mouse works by sending an electronic signal to a graphics tablet that corresponds to coordinates on the computer display. This type of mouse system is more often referred to simply as a digitizing tablet and may often include a crosshair marker to more easily align and define input points. |
|
| MS DOS |
The standard operating system developed by Microsoft and used by IBM compatible personal computers. |
|
| multi-function board |
The add-in circuit card device which will include 2 or more computer capabilities. For example: printer and monitor or serial and parallel printer ports and mouse. |
|
| multi image projection |
more than 1 image shown simultaneously in complex slide presentations. |
|
| multi-media |
The use of more than one media on a display or in a graphic output. Can include any combination of text, graphics, animation, film, slides, audio, motion and still video. |
|
| multiplexing |
The combination of multiple channels of data into a single channel. |
|
| multi-screen |
presentation of images onto more than one projection surface. |
|
| Mylar |
A clear polyester film developed by Dupont. |
|
| neg, negative |
A piece or strip of photo mechanically produced film which has the reverse image of a page or image and can be used to create a plate for printing a positive. |
|
| negative space |
|
Also see white space. |
| neoclassical |
An early 20th century stylistic revival movement that encouraged the use of pure, simple, functional classical forms. |
|
| network |
A group of computers and related equipment connected electronically with each other so they can communicate and share resources. |
Also see LAN and WAN. |
| newsprint |
Paper stock used for newspapers and drawing that can appear and feel very rough. |
Also see paper stock. |
| New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) |
The Computer Graphics Laboratory at NYIT has for several years been successfully conducting important research to further develop tools and techniques for computer graphic artists and filmmakers. |
|
| nib |
the tip os an ink pen which is ahped to create various line style and widths used for hand lettering. |
|
| NLQ impact printer |
Short for Near Letter Quality impact printer. |
|
| noise |
random audio and/or video signal particles associated with analog electronics such as static on radio or snow on the tv. |
|
| nomenclature |
a particular list of words and definitions used in technical discussions and documentation. |
|
| non-breaking space |
A special kind of space inserted between two words so they cannot be separated by a line break. |
|
| non-impact printer |
A device in which an entire page can be imaged at a time as opposed to character or pin impact printed. |
|
| non-interlaced |
On a display screen, refreshing the scan of every line in a single frame. Also called progressive scan. |
Also see interlaced. |
| non-linear document |
Especially in interactive graphics, a document or program with a scalable body, multiple paths, and user/reader controlled perspective creating a custom message for each user/reader. |
|
| non pareil |
a type of measurement equivalent to 6 points or hald a pica. |
|
| non-printing guides |
Guides on individual pages or on master pages that will not show up on final printed versions of a publication. |
Also see guides |
| non-repro blue |
a shade of light blue that will not photographically reproduce. Pencils and pens of this color are used by traditional graphics people to lay down non-reproducing guide line. This principle was carried over into the film and video world in the form of the blue screen effect. |
See blue screen effect. |
| notepad |
A holding area for information much like the clipboard except that text can be typed directly onto the notepad as opposed to cutting or copying to the clipboard. |
|
| NTSC |
Short for National Television Standards Committee. Commonly refers to the analog standard of video resolution that conforms to this advisory group's standards and are used by the television industry in North America and Japan. |
Also see PAL & SECAM. |
| NTSC color mapping algorithm |
The method used by black and white television sets in the U.S. to change color images to black and white display. Some drawing programs also use this same set of rules for changing color images to black and whit output. |
|
| NTSC signal |
standard television or video sugnal with 30 frames per second, 2 fields per frame interlaced. |
Also see RGB signal. |
| NYIT |
Short for the New York Institute of Technology. |
|
| object-oriented |
As applied to drawing and layout programs, ones that treat graphics as made up of lines and arc segments and polygons rather than pixels (individual dots). |
|
| oblique |
A type style that resembles true italic, but is actually just a vertical standing face electronically slanted. |
|
| OCR |
Short for Optical Character Recognition/Reader. Refers to the process of scanning typed copy and transferring the text to its digitized equivalent. |
|
| offset printing |
A printing technique that uses a metal plate with raised reversed image and text. Ink is applied to this offset of metal and the press then applies the raised surface to paper. |
|
| Ohio State University |
A university known for their Advanced Computer Center for the Arts and Design. |
|
| old style |
A serif type style that resembles classical faces from Roman inscriptions with not as much contrast between thick and thin strokes as in a modern serif face. |
|
| Omnibus |
|
|
| one inch video |
Also known as Type C tape, a broadcast format capable of recording 55 plus line bandwidth information. Used heavily in post production facilities. |
|
| on line/off line |
When components of a computer system are connected or not connected to communicate with each other. |
|
| opacity |
In three dimensional modeling, a characteristic assigned to an object or plane that obscures the viewing of objects behind it. |
|
| opaque |
1) A surface quality that cannot be seen through. 2) In cel animation, to fill in the inked outlines with color. |
|
| opaque projector |
a type of slide projector that uses light and lens to display larger images onto a screen or flat surface. |
|
| open |
1) In a drawing program, said of a shape that is not completely contained within a continuous path. 2) The act of opening a file or document. |
|
| operating system |
The basic set of software instructions that allow the computer to perform simple functions such as listing directories, copying files, deleting files, etc. |
|
| Optical Character Reader |
|
See OCR. |
| optical disk |
A small plastic disk in which digital information is encoded, written and read by a laser used for mass storage and retrieval. |
|
| orientation |
As applied to pages or images, whether the longest dimension of the sheet or image runs vertically (vertical, tall or portrait orientation) or horizontally (horizontal, wide or landscape). |
|
| origin |
The zero point by which a 2nd set of x,y, and sometimes z coordinates can be measured or defined. |
|
| orphan |
The first line of a paragraph when separated by a bad break from the rest of the paragraph. |
Also see widow and bad break. |
| orthographic projection |
A method in drafting used to show an object or site in 2 dimensions. |
|
| oscilloscope |
An early form of CRT computer graphics that display both digital and analog datae for the purpose of analysis and measurement. The electronic signals project data on the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube and are predominantly used by the military for radar tracking. |
|
| outline font |
The mathematical formula of desribing the actual letter shapes as opposed to a bit-mapped font that is stored as a pattern of dots. PostScript utilities outline fonts to achieve scalable typefaces. |
|
| outline processor |
A program that can create a visual presentation with a separate accompanying file of notes that outline the presentation. |
|
| output device |
A category of external devices where information and graphics can be externally displayed. Some examples are laser printers (PostScript, non-PostScript, color, monochrome, grayscale), ink jet, dot matrix, NLQ Impact, slide makers, film recorders, and image setters. |
|
| overlapped |
Said of screen arrangements that use multiple windows (boxes showing various processes) that seem to lie on top of each other like pieces of paper on a desk. The other common format is "tiled". |
|
| overhead |
expenses such as rent, supplies, services and lobaor that are not directly billable to a client. |
|
| overhead transparency |
Also known as a viewgraph, the image printed on acetate for use in an overhead projector. |
|
| overlay |
The individual layers of acetate or tissues taped to camera ready art with additional artwork and/or instructions to the printer. |
|
| overprinting |
Printing over an area that has already been printed. |
|
| overstrike |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pacific Data Images (PDI) |
|
|
| packed pixel |
A compression of numerical information in image storage to enable a computer system to operate more efficiently. |
Also see bit plane. |
| packing |
|
|
|
|
|
| Page Description Language |
A computer language that includes commands used to create text and graphic images on a printed page. Often abbreviated PDL. |
|
| page icon |
On the bottom left corner of the screen in DTP programs, an icon with a number representing master pages and page numbers in a document. |
|
| page layout |
A term used to describe desktop publishing software. The process of assembling all the typographic and graphic elements into a printed format. Also called page makeup. |
|
| page setup |
The list of specifications relating to a publications individual pages. For example orientation, page size, double or facing pages and number of pages. |
|
| pagination |
In word processing or desktop publishing the automatic printing of page numbers. |
|
| paint |
As applied to graphics programs, to give a path or shape visible characteristics, such as by filling it with color or gray or by giving visible characteristics such as weight and color to the path. Generally the term applied to bit-map type drawing programs. |
|
| paint/draw program |
A bit mapped/raster based drawing program. |
Also see raster an bitmap. |
| PAL |
Short for Phase Alternating Line System. Commonly refers to the broadcast television standard of Western Europe. (SECAM is the standard in France and much of Eastern Europe.) |
Also see NTSC. |
| palette |
The color selection menu area for a screen. May also apply to line/drawing tool width, pattern or style selection. |
|
| pan |
A slow horizontal camera movement in a sweeping motion. |
|
| Pantone Matching System |
Refers to the color system developed to standardize ink colors in the printing industry now adopted by many software companies to provide an off-screen reference for on-screen color. Often abbreviated with the initials PMS. |
|
| paper size |
The size a printer will print out on. Standard sizes are 8 1/2" x 11" (letter), 8 1/2" x 14" (legal), and 11" x 17". |
Also see international paper size. |
| paper stock |
Refers to the name of a style of paper which may possess special characteristics. This can include special finishes that add gloss, weight, thickness, strength, smoothness, texture, or color. |
Also see bond, book, coated, cover, newsprint, and text. |
| parallel interface |
An interface which allows multiples of data to be sent simultaneously. |
|
| parallel processor |
Computer processing hardware that speeds up processing time by performing multiple functions simultaneously as opposed to sequentially. |
|
| parameter |
A value or dynamic description used to compute images. Abstract dynamics may have numerical value which changes over time. An actual dynamic is a constant value such as color or geometric shape. |
|
| parity check |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| password |
The required code to gain access into restricted areas of a computer's memory. |
|
| pasteboard |
The work surface within a "desktop" program surrounding a publication where text and graphics can be pasted outside of the publication and not associated with a specific page. |
|
| paste-up |
1) The process of making camera ready art. 2) Camera ready art or mechanical. |
Also see camera ready art. |
| path |
In an imaging system, a route along which characters or graphic elements are place. |
|
| PC |
Short for personal computer. |
|
| PDL |
Short for Page description language. |
Also see Page Description Language. |
| PE |
short for printer's error |
|
| pel |
Short for picture or pixel element. |
|
| pencil numbering system |
a scale system used to identify the varying hardness of lead in a pencil. The numbers range from 6B (very soft and dark) to 1B (not quite as soft or dark), HB (medium lead), and 1H (hard lead and lighter) to 6H (hardest lead and lightest lines). The popular #2 pencil is a medium hard lead. |
|
| per diem |
monetary compensationgiven to a professional by a client based on a daily rate. |
|
| perfect binding |
An elaborate binding technique done by cutting individual pages, collating, and then gluing them into the spline, finishing with a final trim. |
|
| peripheral |
Equipment added to a computer system in order to enhance its abilities. |
|
| perpendicular line tool |
The tool used to draw straight horizontal, vertical or 45 degree angle lines. |
|
| perspective |
A method of representing three dimensional reality on a two dimensional surface through the use of geometry and drawing techniques which emulate receding space. |
Also see foreshortening. |
| Phong shading |
Smooth Shading technique used in three dimensional modeling to render the surface of an object by interpolating color over the surface of a polygon and then by adding shades and highlights that behave more naturally than Gouraud Shading. |
Also see Shading |
| photostat |
A photocopying method using light sensitive paper or film and chemical processing. |
|
| phototypesetting |
Production of a page on photo (light) sensitive paper through photomechanical/chemical processing. Also called cold type as opposed to archaic methods of setting type in (hot) metal or lead. |
|
| pica |
Typesetting measurement equal to 12 points or 1/6 of an inch. |
Also see Appendix G. |
| pick glass |
A magnifying glass used to count threads in textiles also used by graphic designers to facilitate doing precise detail inking and cutting. |
|
| PICT |
A format for the storage and exchange of graphic documents on the Apple Macintosh, and the format used by the clipboard. PICT II allows for color information. |
|
| pictograph |
A mark used to cross language barriers by being mainly illustrative in nature such as public symbols for safety or transportation. |
Also see mark. |
| pie chart |
An analytical graph that portrays variable values as proportional sections of a whole circle. |
|
| pi font |
|
Also see dingbats. |
| pin feed |
|
Also see tractor feed. |
| pin register |
Pins on a scanner or printer frame that hold artwork or paper for precise positioning. |
|
| pitch |
The horizontal measurement of characters or how many characters fit side by side across an inch. |
|
| pixel |
Short for Picture Element. The smallest incremental rectangular dot in a display. Screen resolution is measured by the density of these dots. Sometimes referred to as PEL's. |
|
| pixelization |
A visual technique of reducing a picture to square elements of color that correspond to the original. |
|
| place |
The command in many DTP programs that allows the user to input text from programs other than the program in use into the program in use. |
|
| planographic printing |
|
Also see lithography. |
| plate |
The metal or "paper"(film) put in a press and covered with ink from which printed materials are printed. |
|
| platform |
|
Also see processor platform. |
| plotter |
|
Also see line plotter. |
| PMS |
Short for Pantone Matching System. Refers to the color system developed to standardize ink colors in the printing industry now adopted by many software companies to provide an off-screen reference for on-screen color. |
|
| point /point size |
A standard typesetting measurement. A point is equal to 1/12 pica or 1/72 inch and is measured vertically. |
Also see Appendix G. |
| point and click graphics |
|
|
| pointer tool |
In many layout and drawing programs, a tool that is used to select or manipulate graphic objects or text. Most often, it is represented by an on-screen arrow. |
|
| pointing device |
An input device, such as a mouse, tablet, or joystick used to indicate where an on-screen pointer or tool should be placed or moved. |
|
| polygonal modeling |
Describing and creating an object through planar polygons. |
|
| polyhedral model/polyhedron |
a multisided solid shape. |
|
| pong |
A black and white video game developed by Atari in 1972 whose popularity helped to establish the arcade and home video game area of computer graphics. |
|
| port |
An electrical and logical connection between a computer and other units such as peripherals or networks. Ports are often known by the style of signals they carry, such as the "printer port" or a "serial port" |
|
| portfolio |
a collection of sample artwork of an individual or collective group of artists such as an agency or design studio. |
|
| portrait |
In many programs the vertical/tall orientation of a page. |
Also see landscape. |
| posterize, posterization |
a visual technique of flattening out and exaggerating color light usually by limiting the number of colors used to create high contrast. |
|
|
|
|
| post modernism |
A twentieth century stylistic movement that was a backlash to modernism. The style tends to be ornamental and reminiscent of mannerism in its reference to architectural motif and elongated and distorted figures. |
|
| post production |
The final phases of film and video production that include everything from editing, special effects, or electronic graphics to mixing audio. |
|
| PostScript |
A trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc. for their widely used page description language. Used to describe images and type in a machine-independent form used by both the MAC and IBM world especially to drive high-resolution printers and typesetters. Also an interpreter program that translates PostScript language files to the actual sequences of machine operations need to produce the output image. |
|
| posture |
The vertical orientation of letterforms, i.e. whether or not they are italicized or upright. |
|
| prepared acetate |
acetate that has been specially treated so it can be painted with ink, dye or water based colors without bleeding or peeling. Used for animation and in mechanicals. |
|
| pre-press |
The stages of producing printed materials before printing actually occurs. This includes layout, text and image manipulation, color separations, and color correction. |
|
| presentation graphics |
The area of computer Graphics that deals primarily with the creation of slides and overheads for business presentations. Newer technology in this area uses multi media including midi sound, digital video, and optical disks. |
|
| press-on tape |
|
Also see dry transfer tape. |
| primitive |
A fundamental graphics or imaging element, usually a circle, sphere, cone, rectangle, or cube, used to build more complex elements. |
|
| printer |
An external output device that uses software to interpret computer information to actual hard copy. |
|
| printer driver |
A system file, "set of computer instructions", that controls printing information between the computer and printer. |
|
| printer fonts |
Fonts that are stored (resident) in the printer's memory and saved as outlines so that they will not distort or breakup when resized for printing. |
See screen fonts. |
| PRIP |
Short for Pattern Recognition and Image Processing. |
|
| process color |
the four colors used in standard printing: CYMK: cyan yellow magenta and black. |
|
| processor platform |
The processor chip and all the associated circuitry that supports it. |
|
| production artist |
the individual responsible for creating camera ready art. |
|
| program/programming |
1) A set of instructions for directing computer operations. 2) Preparing a set of instructions in correct sequence for directing specific computer operations. |
|
| program disk |
A computer disk containing the code (software or computer instructions) for a particular application (such as a word processing or page layout program). Some packages break their code up into separate startup, program and data disks. |
|
| progressive scan |
In some graphic and television systems, when all the lines of a frame are scanned in one sequence as opposed to alternating field. Also called non-interlace. |
Also see interlaced. |
| PROM |
Short for Programmable Read Only Memory. Used by manufacturers to store programs that customize a system. |
|
| prompt |
A symbol presented by the computer to indicate that it is waiting for a command or response from the user. |
|
| proof |
1) A test run of a printing job to check color and registration or a work in progress copy of a document. 2) To proofread or search for errors. |
See blueline. |
| proofreader's marks |
notations that symbolize corrections, deletions or additions in a document. |
Also see Appendix D. |
| proportional leading |
A method of leading in which two-thirds of the leading space is above the text's baseline and one-third of the leading is below the text's baseline. |
|
| proportional space |
In typography, when different characters are allowed space between other characters according to their size or outline. For example, an "i" would take up less space than a "w" or an "L" followed by a "T" would be closer together than an "H" and "N". |
|
| proportional wheel |
Literally two wheels (usually plastic) with incremental measurements that allow the traditional graphic designer to figure out mathematical and spatial proportions by correctly aligning the two wheels. |
|
| protocol |
A set of rules for how information is exchanged over a computer network. Protocols may cover the complete network interface, or be limited to one or more layers out of which the network is constructed. Some programs of the popular protocols used for PC networks include the Ethernet protocol (which covers only the physical and link layers) and the Arcnet protocol (covering up through the transport layer). |
|
| publication |
The general term that most DTP programs use for a document or project. |
|
| publication window |
The general term that most DTP programs use to identify the entire screen work area including the publication, pasteboard, menus, title bars, scroll mechanisms and tools, etc. |
|
| pull-out quote |
|
Also see call-out. |
| purchase order |
the written form given to the artist by the client describing the assignment and authorizing the commencement of work. |
|
| quadruplex |
2" tape once the best quality video format available, now used only at small to medium sized broadcast stations. 1" type C has replaced it at larger stations because of more ease of use. It is sometimes abbreviated as quad. |
|
| quad-density diskette |
A standard floppy disk with almost 4 times the memory capability of a single density. |
|
| Quantel Paintbox |
A popular 24 bit full color system that can digitize, display, enhance, and edit images in video resolution. |
|
| queue |
A waiting line in the computer when multiple operations are requested, such as printing more than one document. |
|
| QWERTY keyboard |
Common standard keyboard interface named for the 1st 6 characters that appear in the upper left corner. |
|
| ragged |
Unjustified text. |
|
| ragged right/ragged left |
Text that is uneven on one or two margins. |
|
| RAM |
Short for Random Access Memory. The memory used by the computer internally to temporarily store and retrieve information quickly while the computer is in operation. It is the "working" memory that disappears when the computer is turned off. Larger amounts of RAM mean increased processing speed and capacity. |
Also see memory and ROM. |
| random accessing |
any system where a user can call up an image or information in any order desired. |
|
| rapidograph |
|
Also see technical pen. |
| raster graphics |
The kind of graphics that use pixels or dots to create an image. Video and paint graphics are raster based. |
Also see vector |
| raster data |
The storage of image information as pixels in a two dimensional grid of color and intensity as opposed to wireframe or abject oriented storage. |
|
| raster image processor |
A device or program that translates the instructions for a page in a page description or graphics output language to the actual pattern of dots supplied to a printing or display system. Often abbreviated RIP. |
|
| raster scan |
A video display technique in which the cathode ray scans across the surface of the display screen in a regular pattern, illuminating phosphors according to the current image data. |
|
| raw text |
String of text that has no formatting. |
|
| ray tracing |
A technique used in computer animation to generate realistic impressions of how light and other characteristics will effect an object and from the correct viewing angle. A theoretical ray is cast from the viewer's perspective to determine what parts of an image are visible. |
|
| reader driven |
Also called user driven, a program in which the user can select his/her ways of proceeding through a program or application. |
Also see author driven. |
| read/write head |
The mechanism that reads or writes data to magnetic storage media. |
|
| real time |
Refers to the ability of a system to produce output, such as an on-screen series of images, at the same speed as its input. Computer animation systems must generate 30 frames per second (NTSC standard) to qualify as real time animation. |
|
| ream |
A pack of 500 sheets of paper |
|
| rear projection |
projection of an image onto a translucent screen so it can be viewed on the other side. |
|
| red line |
Refers to page with corrections usually made in red ink on hard copy output. |
|
| reduce |
A scaling function that will size a text box or image smaller. |
|
| reel |
a complete film or spliced film strips. |
|
| reflection map |
In three dimensional modeling the representation of a surrounding environment on an object to simulate shininess or a mirror-like quality. |
Also see map and texture map. |
| refresh |
The process of maintaining and updating an image on the monitor. |
|
| registration |
The alignment of the elements of an image. |
|
| registration mark |
A mark that lies outside of the area of a publication that is to be printed that helps to line up additional levels of graphic components such as colors or special screens. |
|
| relief |
in scultpture or 3D imagery: elements that do not lie flush with the background surface.They may just out forward or recess back inverted or sunken. |
|
| relief printing |
Form of printing in which a relief surface is created by gouging out the negative (white) part of an image from a sustenance. The leftover raised portion is covered with ink and then transferred onto paper with a press and hand burnishing. Examples of relief printing are wood cuts or linocuts. |
|
| removable cartridge system |
A system with a physical device which can be taken out to transfer information or copy data for backup storage. |
|
| render |
To draw an image as it would appear rather than in schematic or blueprint form. |
|
| Rennaissance |
15th and 16t century time period in European culture and history literally translated to a rebirth and a golden age of culture and art form. |
|
| rep |
short for artist representative, a professional agent who promotes and negotiates deals for creative personnel. |
Also see commission. |
| reprint rights |
the right to reprint work that has already een printed publically. |
|
| repro |
Short for reproduction. May refer to a printed copy of text or graphic elements used like a stat in paste-up. |
|
| resident |
Refers to software or code that is stored in memory locations for an extended period of time. |
|
| residuals |
monetary compensation in addition to original payment for additional usage of creative material ortalent. |
|
| resolution |
A term used to describe picture clarity in media. In raster based information, the number of dots in a given area. Screen resolution is measured by pixels horizontally and vertically. Printer resolution is measured by dots per square inch. Scanner resolution is measured by number of dots for a given area of the scanned art. Color resolution is measured by the number of available colors. |
Also see Appendix F and aspect ratio and dpi. |
| restore |
To recover lost or damaged data or programs by using a backup copy. |
|
| retoucher |
creative personnel that alter or improve existing art or photography. |
|
| return key |
The key on a keyboard that is used to make paragraphs breaks, or confirm a selection option. |
|
| reverse type |
Type, generally white (or another light color), that lays over a black, screened or colored background. |
|
| RGB |
Short for red, green and blue. When referring to color models, a method of specifying color by its component proportion. This method works best for light sources such as computer monitors, rather than ink. |
|
| RGB signal |
television or video signal broken into its 3 red blue an green componants without NTSC or SMPTE encoding.. |
|
| rhythm |
design term referring to the repetition of a pattern, motif or other stylistic element. |
|
| rigid disk |
See hard disk. |
|
| river |
When the negative space between words in a block of text create a distracting white line. |
|
| rollover |
???? |
|
| ROM |
Short for Read Only Memory. The memory used by the computer internally to permanently store information that does not disappear when the computer is turned off and is not easily changed. All the basic computer operating instructions are usually stored on ROM chips. |
Also see Memory and RAM |
| Roman type |
1) A term applied to vertical upright non-italic non-bold fonts. 2) Can refer to serif fonts. |
|
| root directory |
The top or first directory in a hierarchical filing system. |
Also see hierarchical filing system and Appendix B |
| rotated |
A non-upright orientation of text or graphic in relation to the page's edge. |
|
| rough |
The term used in traditional design applied to preliminary hand-sketched layouts. |
|
| routine |
A specific set of instructions in a program that perform a specific function. |
|
| royalty |
monetary compensation given to creative personnel based on a percentage of quantity of sales. |
|
| rpm |
short for revolutions per minute |
|
| rub down type |
|
Also se dry transfer type |
| rubylith |
a transparent red color masking film. |
Also see mask and amberlith. |
| ruler guide |
The general term that most DTP programs use for the non-printing horizontal and vertical dotted lines that can be used to align text and graphics in a publication. |
|
| rules |
The graphic term for 'lines'. |
|
| runaround |
fitting typography around other graphic elements. Also commonly called wraparound. |
|
| run-in |
type set with no paragraph breaks. |
|
| running foot |
Informative text that appears at the bottom of every page of a document usually including page number, date, document title, or chapter heads. |
|
| running head |
Informative text that appears at the top of every page of a document usually including page number, date, document title, or chapter heads. |
|
| saddlestich |
A binding technique that uses staples or a few stitches of thick thread at the middle of the center fold. |
|
| SAGE System |
First air defense system developed by the government in the mid 1950's that relied on interactive computer graphics. |
|
| sans serif |
A type face style without serif such as Helvetica, Avant Garde, or Universe. Also known as Gothic type it is usually considered to make better headline type than serif type. |
|
| saturation |
Referring to colors, the extent to which a color is made purely of a selected hue rather than of white. It is the property that makes pale pink different from bright red of the same hue. |
|
| scaling |
A function or set functions that allow the user to reduce or enlarge an object, text or graphic vertically, horizontally or proportionately. |
|
| scan |
To convert an image from visible form to an electronic description. Most available systems can only turn the image into a corresponding series of dots rather than into component objects. |
|
| scan converter |
a device which changes or converts the scan rate or interlace mode of a video signal for display purposes. |
|
| scanned image |
An image in bitmap form as produced by a scanner, hardware that converts a 2D or 3D image to a collection of dots or pixels. Many layout programs can scale or crop scanned images before placing then onto a page. |
|
| scanner |
A device that reads an optical image such as a photograph and converts it to an electronic rendition for storage or imaging.. |
|
| second rights |
the limited right to reprint work that has alredy been printed. |
|
| skew |
A form of object manipulation in object oriented drawing where a stretch is performed on one side of an object. |
|
| scientific visualization |
An area of computer graphics that enable scientists and researchers to see on a screen a representation of numerical data that would otherwise be more difficult to understand. |
|
| score |
To make a thin linear impression with a sharp pencil, blade or scoring machine in final professional printing which facilitates folding paper. |
|
| screen |
An image area made up of tiny dots or lines such as a halftone photograph, grey area or other decorative gradated element. |
|
| screen angle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| screen function |
The rule used by a layout or drawing program to combine small arrays of dots to simulate a photographic screen. This patterning is necessary because most non-photographic process can only produce one basic dot size. |
|
| screen printing |
Form of printing using screened stencils to transfer images to paper. The most commonly known method is silk screening where sheer silk or a similar material is stretched over a frame to create a screen. Glue or film-like substances are used to stencil or block out areas not to be printed and heavy ink is squeegeed through the open areas of material onto a substrate. The finished print is referred to as a screen print or serigraph. |
|
| script fonts |
Also called cursive type, type style that emulates handwriting such as Murray Hill, Palace or Commercial Script or calligraphic "text" such as Zaph Chancery, or Old English. |
|
| scroll bars |
On a graphical interface, bars with a marker that can be moved up, down and sideways with a mouse or pointing device to shift vertically or horizontally the visible position of a document or graphic. |
|
| SECAM |
Short for SEquential Couleur A Memoire, the broadcast television standard in France, Russia, and Eastern Europe. |
Also see PAL and NTSC. |
| segment |
A section of line or curve with defined endpoints. Most object-oriented drawing programs create complex objects out of collections of simpler segments. |
|
| select |
To designate an item or a location on screen for the next action. |
|
| selection box |
In a graphical interface the box created by a diagonal drag of the pointing tool to enclose or select more than one item at a time or an item that may be hidden behind a layer of graphics or text. |
|
| serif |
The line that crosses the main stroke of a letter. Originally derived from the use of chiseled typography in ancient times. Studies show that body copy set in serif fonts are more readable than san-serf fonts. Type with squared-off serifs is called Egyptian type. Examples of serif type styles include: Times, Garamond, and Palatino. |
Also see modern and oldstyle. |
| serial interface |
An interface which sends data sequentially as opposed to simultaneously. |
Also see parallel interface. |
| serigraphy |
Form of screen printing. |
Also see screen printing. |
| server |
A computer with a hard disk that is committed to data storage usually on a local area network. In a networked computer system, the server is the main computer from which all other computers share info, such as software programs and other files. When anyone wants to have a web sight, they must either supply a server and hook it up directly into the Internet or they must rent space on server someplace to store their files. |
Also see client. |
| service bureau |
Business that offers input and output services to the computer user, such as slide making, laser printing, linotronic printing, scanning, or digitizing. |
|
| set solid |
Lines of type with no space or leading between. |
|
| shade |
The term used to designate a pattern or screen percentage. In three dimensional imaging, a technique used to render an object according to how light sources affect the object. |
Also see flat shading, smooth shading, Gouraud shading, Phong shading. |
| Shareware |
Software that is offered for free - to share. If you become a serious user of the software, it generally hoped that you will eventually send a check to the distributors as a thank you and for good karma! Software manufacturers often produce shareware to gain industry usage for a new untried product and to get users hooked so that they can have paying consumers when upgrades come out. |
|
| shoot |
1) to take pictures as in photography or film 2) the day of taking such pictures. |
|
| signature |
In printing and binding the name given to the folded version of a printed sheet of (usually) 16 pages. |
|
| signing and numbering |
The notation at the bottom of a print usually in pencil and containing the artist's signature and edition number. In the number 10/50, the number 10 signifies it is the 10th print and the number 50 refers to the total number of prints printed. A.P. stands for Artist's Proof and means the print is not intended for or included in the counted number of prints in an edition. |
|
| simulation |
A computer created "model" or representation of physical realities or systems and their behavioral properties. |
|
| single density diskette. |
A standard floppy disk with 360k. |
|
| SISD |
Short for Single Instruction, Single Data. Refers to how data is transmitted within the computer. |
|
| slide |
A positive color cut strip of film mounted in cardboard or plastic that can be projected by light and lens amplification onto a screen or wall. |
|
| slide maker |
|
Also see film recorder. |
| slit-scan effect |
A computer graphically produced effect in film production which simulates high speed by the use of radial lines emanating from a central object. |
|
| slugs |
refers to the metal leads used to separate lines of type in older days of typesetting. |
|
| small caps |
In a typeface, an additional set of uppercase letters usually the same height as the x-height. |
Also see x height. |
| smooth |
1) In draw-type graphics, a command that rounds or curves sharp edges. 2) In printing, the capability of a high resolution device to add additional dots to fill in the jagged edges of a lower resolution graphic. |
|
| smooth point |
In drawing programs that use certain types of curves, a meeting point at which the ends of the lines or segments lie along the same straight line. |
|
| smooth shading |
Techniques in three dimensional modeling used to render an object so that faceted edges of the polygons appear more smooth and natural. |
Also see shade. |
| SMPTE |
1) Short for Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. 2) industry standard.time code. |
|
| snap to guides |
A command that when chosen, causes all movement of the pointer tool and the actions or placement of objects, graphics or text to align themselves with column guides. margin guides, ruler guides etc. |
|
| soft copy |
Internal copy of a document stored in memory as opposed to hard copy. |
|
| software |
The physically intangible set of instructions that comprise programs and govern operations. |
Also see hardware. |
| solarization |
Reversing or modifying the color or grayscale of an image. |
|
| solid matter |
refers to body copy with no leading. |
|
| solids modeling |
A three dimensional representation of an object and the volume it occupies through the use of mathematical formulas (as opposed to describing just the surface of an object). These visual "models" can simulate all the physical characteristics of real objects: height weight, reflection, consistency etc. |
|
| Source Code |
This is the document that holds your HTML coded set of instructions that IS the basis of every web site. |
|
| source language |
The word set used to program instructions which the computer converts into machine readable instructions. |
|
| sorts |
the individual letterforms of a typeface. |
|
| spacing |
The amount of room between letterforms and words measured by points and determined by individual type fonts, styles and sizes. |
|
| speccing / spec |
short for type specification. |
|
| spectrum |
The total range of color in the rainbow arranged in their usual order. |
|
| spell check |
A feature available in most word processing software and some desktop publishing programs that automatically proofreads text for common spelling errors. |
|
| spine |
The folded bound edge of printed materials. Usually a publication title and author's name are printed on the spinefor easy sletion when placed on a shelf. |
|
| spiral binding |
A binding technique where a spiral wire is inserted in the gutter of a publication. |
|
| spline |
A mathematical model used to represent smooth curves. |
Also see bezier. |
| spooler |
A Windows application that sends files to a separate holding area before sending them to the printer so that the user can still work on other things while files are being printed. |
|
| spot |
1) a short television commercial 2) a small illustration |
|
| spot color |
The use of colored ink in a printed publication. |
Also see process color. |
| spread |
1) In a publication 2 facing pages that share subject matter; 2) Sometimes used as another term for gradient. |
|
| spreadsheet |
Program which is designed to interpret, organize and add-up numerical data. |
|
| sprite |
animated routines. |
|
| standalone |
A computer system that does not electronically communicate with any other system. |
|
| standoff |
The distance between the actual graphic and the graphic boundary. |
|
| startup disk |
A computer disk containing parts of the operating system or setup steps for a particular program. It is used when the computer is first turned on or when setting up for a particular application, but is then usually replaced by a program disk. |
|
| stat |
Short for photostat. |
|
| stencil |
a method of lettering or drawing by using a mask or template to block out ceratin area sna allow other areas to be strategically painted. |
|
| stet |
Proofreaders mark meaning ignore previous correction marks. |
Also see Appendix D. |
| still video photography |
Single image capture pictorial system using standard 2" floppy diskettes for picture storage. |
|
| stock |
Another way to say paper or printable material. |
Also see paper stock. |
| storyboard |
preliminary drawings and accompanying explanatory text used as a guideline for motion sequences. Used in animation, video and film production. |
|
| straight copy |
Lines of text with no graphic elements. |
|
| string |
|
Also see text string. |
| strip |
The process of piecing together film negatives before making a plate or printing. |
|
| stroke |
1) In a drawing program or page description language, to make a defined path part of the image by giving it visible characteristics such as line width or color. 2) In typography the elements of an individual letterform, including vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and all inclined and cursive strokes. |
|
| style |
an artist's particular and uniquely exressive approach to art. i.e the form or look and feel. |
|
| style sheet |
A format or set of specifications/guidelines for a paragraph, page or other element. |
|
| style name tag |
A label attached invisibly to text in a word processed document that can later speed up the formatting of a publication by means of quick identification of a text's intended style. |
|
| stylus |
An input device (literally meaning pointed instrument in Latin) that can work with a graphics tablet or against a flat surface or on a video display (light pen) depending upon the design. |
|
| subcarrier phase |
A system's circuitry which allows minute adjustment for color balancing and timing. Used primarily to gunlock video or allow super imposing. |
|
| subdirectory |
|
Also see hierarchical filing system and Appendix A |
| subroutine |
Sequential list of computer instructions to do a special task repeatedly. |
|
| subscript |
Text usually smaller than the rest of the copy and with a slightly lower baseline used for special notations such as footnotes. |
|
| substrate |
A term loosely given to any artistic material used as a foundation for art. Usually referring to paper, cardboard, material, or canvas. |
|
| super impose |
To lay text or graphic elements over a video or film source. |
|
| superscript |
Text usually smaller than the rest of the copy with an elevated baseline used for special notations such as copyright notices or trademarks. |
|
| super pixel |
A collection of individual dots or pixels addressed individually only to set color or shade, but used as a group to represent shapes. |
|
| super VHS |
A higher definition video recording system with 400 or more lines of resolution. |
|
| surface rendering |
The process of representing the outer characteristics of an object. |
|
| Sutherland, Ivan |
Worked at MIT in the early 1960's on the influential "Sketchpad", a real time interactive computer drawing program. |
|
| s-video |
Refers to super VHS format. |
|
| swash letters |
ornamental versions of the capitol letters within a font used for initials or embellishment. |
|
| symbol |
A mark without typography that is legally protected and used to identify corporations or institutions. Also referred to by clip art and computer art libraries as symbol libraries. |
Also see mark. |
| symmetry |
actual symmetry is perfect mathematicl visual balance. Symmetry may also refer to an aesthetic quality where visual balance is created by the corresponding arrangement of colors, shapes, textures, etc. around a real or imaginary central point. |
|
| sync |
short for synchronization. Refers to the timing of signals in imaging systems. |
|
| sync pulses |
The electronic timing pulses that insure precise synchronization such as for video displays. |
Also see genlock. |
| synchronization |
Simultaneous arrangement and action within a time frame. |
|
| synchronous |
Transmitting data at fixed time intervals. |
Also see asynchronous. |
| syntax |
A correct, clear, well ordered organization of text strings. |
|
| SYSGEN |
An acronym for SYStem GENeration. Refers to how the equipment and software is configured. |
|
| system file |
A basic internal set of instructions. |
|
| tab |
A location set on the horizontal ruler where text will align. Examples of different types of tabbing include leader tab - preceded by a leader (graphic element), or decimal tab - where decimals in a list of numbers will line up. |
|
| tabouret |
A table usually with wheels, sections and drawers used by designers and architects to store supplies or tools. |
|
| tabulation |
the placement of text or other visual element in columns on a page. |
|
| tag |
|
Also see style name tag. |
| tape back-up system |
An external device utilizing a tape reel or cartridge to magnetically store and transfer data. |
|
| tape drive |
The unit that reads or writes data to tape. |
|
| TARGA |
Short for Truevision Analogue Rastera Graphics Adapter. |
Also see graphics card and Appendix F. |
| technical pen |
Also known as a rapidograph, a fine line inking pen used in plotters and used for drafting and precise drawing. |
|
| technical pencil |
Also known as a automatic pencil, a stylus that looks like a pen that holds a thin lead available in exact widths for precise drafting and drawing. |
|
| technique |
a term for the media or method used to make an artwork. |
|
| template |
A dummy publication used as a base or guide providing structure or general layout for another similar publication. |
|
| terminal |
A set-up linked to a computer or network that includes a keyboard and display device or even more simply, any point where information can be sent to or from the computer. |
|
| terminal letters |
swash letters with ornamentation at the tail end. |
Also see swash letters. |
| tessellation |
A technique used to divide smooth surfaces into polygons. |
|
| test pattern |
Page or screen of lines, colors bars, or characters used to check device operation. |
|
| text |
1) A style of script lettering resembling calligraphy such as Zaph Chancery or Old English. 2) Lightweight paper stock available in many textures and colors used widely in the printing industry for letterheads to brochures. See paper stock. |
|
| text block |
Text identified by a surrounding box with handles when selected. |
|
| text format |
The way type specifications make text appear. |
|
| text formatter |
A software program that assigns characteristics to text. |
|
| text string |
A series of words or characters in specific order. |
|
| text wrap |
The command used to flow text around, jump over, or flow through a graphic or defined space |
|
| texture map |
In three dimensional imaging the technique used to render a pattern or texture to the surface of an object by wrapping a 2D image around the 3D surface. |
Also see map and reflection map. |
| thermal printer |
A printer using heat sensitive paper. |
|
| thermograph |
Form of printing that emulates the raised look of engraving or etching where glossy resin powder is dusted over wet ink, the excess is removed, and the remainder is heated it to harden. The printed result of raised ink can be glossy or matte, clear or colored. |
|
| threaded |
As applied to publication layout, connected in one logical chain from column to column or page to page so if one element is lengthened or shortened the succeeding ones move proportionately. |
|
| 3/4" video |
Tape systems using 3/4" tape reels, used heavily in the industrial world before the advancement of 1/2" professional technology. |
|
| threshold |
The level of gray that borders on black or white. |
|
| thumbnail or thumbnail sketch |
A small version of a page used to preview or think out a publication before going to full sized copy. |
|
| TIFF |
Short for Tagged Image File Format, a file format for graphics developed by Aldus, Adobe and Apple that is a standard for representing bit-mapped or scanned images. |
|
| tile |
In an oversized publication, the portion of the laser printed page that's printed on a single sheet of paper. To make a complete page, you assemble and paste together the tiles. |
|
| time sharing |
Multiple terminals sharing a larger computer system. |
|
| toggle |
The ability to go between two functions of a program usually by means of a special key press. |
|
| tomography |
A technique used in the medical field to create 3D views of an object (or human body) by using a series of cross sectional x-rays. The recorded information is interpreted and displayed graphically through a computer. |
|
| toner |
In electrostatic printing process (xerographic) the tiny particles of black carbon and electrically charged resin which adhere to the paper when heated to created imagery. |
|
| tool |
An object or icon that can be used to perform one or more operations in a computer program. Tools are often named by either what they do or the type of object they work on. Usually represented by a symbol or icon. |
|
| toolbox |
An on-screen array of images representing tools. |
|
| topology |
The geometric configuration of the relief surfaces and properties within a given space. |
|
| tracking |
The process of following a sequence of events or movements. |
|
| tractor feed |
Mechanism, also called pin feed, used to move paper through a printer by means of revolving pins which hold the edges of the paper. |
|
| trademark |
Any combination of unique marks protected by law and legally registered. |
See mark. |
| transceiver |
Device which can transmit and receive data. |
|
| transfer |
to record a slide, audio, multi image show orother media onto film or tape. |
|
| transparency |
1) In three dimensional modeling, a characteristic assigned to an object or plane that transmits light and/or the viewing of objects behind it. 2) Term used when referring to slides or graphics projected by light. |
Also see opacity and overhead transparency. |
| trash can |
In some systems or programs the icon used for deleting or "trashing objects or files. |
|
| truncate |
1) To shorten an object or image 2) to shorten a number or remove the decimal point and any following numbers. |
|
| turnaround time |
The time between dropping off a job and delivery of finished product. |
|
| turnkey system |
A computer system ready for immediate use with all of the essential hardware and software to perform a specific application. The literal meaning comes from 'turn the key on and it works.' |
|
| tweening |
slang term for inbetweening in animation. |
|
| type "C" |
Top quality 1" video format that is used heavily in post production facilities. |
Also see one inch video. |
| typesetting |
|
Also see phototypesetting. |
| type specification |
Also called type speccing, to request the formatting of text through font, size, alignment, leading, etc. |
|
| typo |
short for typographical mistake. |
|
| typography |
Refers to the elements of type setting and type faces. |
Also see phototypesetting. |
| Universal Standard |
Formally agreed upon principle or measure. |
Also see De Facto Standard. |
| UNIX |
A fourth level generation operating system written in C and developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories originally for mini computers, but now developed to run on personal computers. |
|
| upload |
To transfer data files from a terminal to a host computer. |
|
| upper case |
|
Also see capitol. |
| URL (Uniform Resource Locator) |
A URL is the electronic address used to ‘locate’ web sites on the internet. The URL is broken down into separate sections. It is not unlike using an address to send your regular mail. And looks something like this: http://www.domain name/path name/filename.extention. The first part describes what kind of protocol is used. Web Documents written in Hypertext Transfer Protocol begin with “http://” Although other URLs (for downloading purposes) may use File Transfer Protocol “ftp://”. The next part of the URL address describes the domain name. By entering a protocol and domain name the user will be directed to an index page or “home page” of the domain. This would be the ‘front door’ of the web site. This may or may not be followed by a directory path and file name if there are many varied documents or users working under the same domain name. Using a longer address with multiple pathnames may be helpful if a users needs to locate or access a specific document and not just reach the ‘front door’ of a web site. Sometimes a URL may contain an ‘anchor name’ or a # character followed by a word which points to a specific part of a document. |
|
| utilities |
Programming used to do helpful operations such as information recovery, backing up, formatting, etc. |
|
| value |
The lightness or darkness of a color and also the relationship of color to black and/or white |
|
| variable |
A numerical or symbolic parameter that can be changed. |
|
| varnish |
A thin clear matte or glossy coating applied over printing to protect or enhance it. |
|
| VDT |
Short for video display terminal. |
|
| vector |
A line segment of a specified size and direction. |
Also see raster. |
| vector graphics |
A branch of computer graphics that deal with line/object oriented rather than pixel oriented drawings. |
Also see outline fonts, scalale fonts, algoruhms, postscript, drwing programs |
| velox |
A photographic print made from a screen negative. |
|
| veticle refresh rate |
the number of times per second that monitor image is redrawn. Also called vertcle scan frequency |
Also see hertz |
| VGA |
Short for Video Graphics Adapter. |
Also see graphics card and Appendix F. |
| VHD |
short for very high definition |
|
| VHS |
Short for Video Home System. |
|
| video |
the visual portion of the television signal. i.e. electronic image transmission on a display terminal. |
|
| video capture |
The capability to grab a single frame of video transmission usually for image storage or manipulation. |
|
| video decompression |
To electronically expand or contract the code that makes up an image. |
|
| video disk |
A media which records images on a phonograph-like disk through optical laser or magnetic technology for later presentation.] |
|
| video frame grabber |
The device that can perform video capture. Targa boards used to be the most common one of these devises. |
|
| video game |
A large part of the computer graphic industry that began with the widespread popularity of the pong game developed by Atari in 1972) The success and sophistication of games like Space Invaders and PACMAN and the 3D background ZAXXON in the late 1970's and early 1980's helped to further the industry along. Now the industry encompasses high end 3D simulation and more of the latest technology every day. |
|
| video graphics card |
A board which is put into the computer to enable the display device to display and translate images of video resolution and orientation. The VISTA or TARGA boards are common examples. |
|
| video interface |
1) The hardware which allows the video display screen or computer to generate colors according to the computers instructions of placement, hue, light, and saturation usually referring to a graphics card such as a VGA, etc. 2) any card that outputs NTSC or RGB video signals suc as TARGAboards. |
|
| video layout terminal |
What people in the typesetting industry call terminals that allow the user to arrange type on the page. |
|
| view |
The size of the pasteboard and page in DTP or graphic programs as they appear inside the screen window. |
|
| viewgraph |
|
Also see overhead transparency. |
| video display unit |
Abbreviated VDU, the first raster displays introduced in the late 1960's with a resolution of 80 columns by 24 lines. |
|
| virtual page |
Printed page area selected by the user and not necessarily using provided page boundaries. |
|
| volume |
1) the space that is occupied by any object or the mass of that object. 2) In three dimensional modeling, a characteristic assigned to an object or plane that mathematically simulates solid or filled objects as opposed to object that are solely defined by their surfaces. |
|
| waist |
a rarely used term tat refers to the x height of a letter. |
|
| WAN |
Short for Wide Area Network. A communications network on a broad level linking computers and electronic equipment. |
|
| wash-up |
To clean the printing press before the end of a workday or before changing to a new color ink on the press. |
|
| weight |
The heaviness or thickness of stroke of any given typeface. |
|
| wet media acetate |
a type of cel substrate |
Also see prepared acetate. |
| What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) |
An expression characterizing word processing and typesetting programs or systems that show you on screen what you will get as the output, complete with correct line breaks, pagination, and other formatting. |
|
| white balance |
A method of adjusting the color balance of a camera by aiming it at something white and adjusting the camera for a perfect white image on the monitor. |
|
| white space |
Deliberate areas of empty space on a page. White space helps to set off graphics or text and give the reader resting places that aid in absorbing the printed information. Also called "negative" space. |
|
| Whitney, John Sr. |
An early user of computer graphics and experimental film maker. He helped to further develop the use of analogue computer graphics in the mid 1960's. |
|
| widow |
The last line or word of a paragraph that is separated by a bad break from the rest of a paragraph. |
See bad break, orphans. |
| window |
In traditional layout, the white open space provided into which artwork or color may eventually be placed. |
|
| windowing |
The act of bringing up multiple functions or programs on the video display screen by means of small subdivisions of the screen called "windows". This technology was originally developed at Xerox PARC but was quickly adopted and popularized by Apple for their line of personal computers. |
|
| window shade handles |
The horizontal lines containing lops that appear at the top and bottom of any selected text block. Most commonly the beginning of a text block will have a clear loop. To show continuing text the loop will contain a "+" plus symbol. To show the end of the text flow a "#" pound sign will appear. |
|
| wipe |
The transition from one picture to another usually by a vertical or horizontal motion or line. |
See dissolve. |
| wireframe |
In three dimensional modeling, a representation of an object through the use of three dimensional outline and cross sections. |
|
| woodcut |
Form of printing in which a relief surface is created by gouging out the negative (white) part of an image from a block of wood. |
|
| wood engravings |
Form of printing in which a relief surface is created by gouging out the negative (white) part of an image from the end-grain surface of a wood block. |
|
| word processing |
The entry, editing, and magnetic storage of text using a computer terminal. |
|
| word spacing |
The spacing between words in a string of text or paragraph. Justified text has variable spacing to insure justification. Non-justified text has fixed word spacing. |
|
| wod type |
large letterforms used for old fashioned printing – cut out of blocks of ood. |
|
| word wrap |
|
Also see text wrap. |
| work for hire |
refers to situation where a clinet owns the rights to a creative work done by a paid artist. |
|
| workstation |
Hardware and software combined in one place to perform specific tasks. |
|
| WORM |
short for Write Once, Read Many times |
|
| wraparound text |
Text that fits around the edge of a graphic element. |
|
| WYSIWYG (Wizzy-wig) |
Acronym for What You See Is What You Get. A common term in the computer industry describing the fact that software provides accurate onscreen display of whatever the final product will look like. Many HTML editors claim to give you WYSIWIG capabilities, but being that many of these products are new - it ain’t necessarily so! |
See "What You See Is What You Get" |
| x-acto knife |
a pen sized hand held tool with a small sharp blade used for precise cutting in paste-up. |
|
| x axis |
the xis or line representing horizontal measurement. |
|
| xerography |
Electrostatic printing process that uses heat to fuse carbon-based dry resin powder to paper. |
|
| xenon projector |
slide projector using a lamp filled with xenon gas that gives a very high brightness. |
|
| Xerox PARC |
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center where the initial research for a user friendly interface originated. This includes the development of windows, pull down menus and icons now popularized by Macintosh, GEM, and Microsoft Windows, and their related applications. |
|
| x height |
The median height of lower case letters without ascenders or descenders in a font. i.e. the height of a, c, e, m, n, o, r, s, u, v, w, x, and z. sometimes called the waist of a letter. |
|
| x-y graph |
An analytical graph that portrays 2 or more variable values and their relationship on a grid with x and y coordinates. |
|
| x, y, z, axis |
the three axis or lines which help to define measurement nd movement through 3 dimensional space. |
|
| y axis |
the axis or line repreenting the vertivle measurement |
|
| Y/C component signal processing |
In Video, the process of recording different components of a picture onto tape. The "Y" or Luminance is the black and white information and is mixed with chrominance information or "I " and "Q" signals along with synchronization (sync) pulses. The signals & components are combined onto 1" Type "C" broadcast quality tape. |
|
| z axis |
the acis or line representing depth. |
|
| zero point |
The intersection of zero points of horizontal and vertical rulers. |
|
| zoom |
Reduction or enlargement of an image. |
See magnifying glass. |
| zoon lens |
a lens whose focus can move toward or away from an= a subject or focal point bringing the image cloer to or further away from the viewer. |
|
